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    Niacin

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    Niacin is a B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in many metabolic reactions related to energy production and fat and cholesterol metabolism. It is found naturally in meats, fish, legumes, nuts and enriched grains. Deficiency can cause pellagra, while excess intake can cause toxicity issues like liver damage. Niacin supplements are used to treat high cholesterol but can cause flushing and interact with some medications. Maintaining adequate intake through diet or supplements is important for many metabolic processes.

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    Niacin

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    280 views13 pages
    Niacin is a B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in many metabolic reactions related to energy production and fat and cholesterol metabolism. It is found naturally in meats, fish, legumes, nuts and enriched grains. Deficiency can cause pellagra, while excess intake can cause toxicity issues like liver damage. Niacin supplements are used to treat high cholesterol but can cause flushing and interact with some medications. Maintaining adequate intake through diet or supplements is important for many metabolic processes.

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    Niacin is a B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in many metabolic reactions related to energy production and fat and cholesterol metabolism. It is found naturally in meats, fish, legumes, nuts and enriched grains. Deficiency can cause pellagra, while excess intake can cause toxicity issues like liver damage. Niacin supplements are used to treat high cholesterol but can cause flushing and interact with some medications. Maintaining adequate intake through diet or supplements is important for many metabolic processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    280 views13 pages

    Niacin

    Uploaded by

    api-388948078
    Niacin is a B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in many metabolic reactions related to energy production and fat and cholesterol metabolism. It is found naturally in meats, fish, legumes, nuts and enriched grains. Deficiency can cause pellagra, while excess intake can cause toxicity issues like liver damage. Niacin supplements are used to treat high cholesterol but can cause flushing and interact with some medications. Maintaining adequate intake through diet or supplements is important for many metabolic processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Niacin

    Brandon M. Kistler, PhD, RD


    Structure - Niacin
    Sources
    • Best sources are fish and meat Food (serving) Niacin (mg)
    Beef Liver (3oz) 15
    • Plant products
    – Enriched and fortified grain products, Tuna, Yellow Fin (3oz) 11.3
    whole grains, legumes, coffee, tea
    Salmon, Atlantic (3oz) 8.5
    • Bacterial metabolism Beef, Sirloin (3oz) 7.6

    • Supplements Chicken, Breast (3oz) 7.7


    – Nicotinamide Pasta, Enriched, Cooked (1 c) 2.3

    • Synthesis in liver Peanut Butter (2Tb) 4.3


    – ~1 mg niacin from 60 mg dietary
    Lentils (1/2 c) 1.1
    tryptophan
    Digestion

    • Animal sources • NADP (Pyrophosphatase)


    – Nicotinamide, NAD, NADP
    • NAD (Glycohydrolase) - Nicotinamide
    • Plant Sources
    – Nicotinic Acid (form)
    – Corn
    • Absorption of niacin
    • Niacytin (carbohydrate) – Small Intestine – duodenum and
    • Niacinogens (peptide)
    jejunum. (absorbed in either
    nicotinamide or nicotinic acid form)
    • Only 10% available for absorption from
    maize
    • Lime water (frees niacin from the • Occurs by:
    carbohydrate structure, making it more
    bioavailable) – Sodium-dependent facilitated diffusion
    [low]
    – Passive diffusion [high]
    – High affinity carrier for Niotinic in colon
    Metabolism

    Tryptophan

    B2, B6 & Iron

    FAD (riboflavin), PLP

    Niacin
    Functions
    Over 400 enzymes require niacin coenzymes
    – Coenzymes (H+ donor or electron acceptor)
    • Oxidative reactions use NAD and form NADH (TCA,
    ETC—energy release (ATP)
    – Glycolysis, PDH reaction, TCA cycle, Beta-oxidation, ethanol
    • Reductive biosynthesis uses NADPH (Fatty acids,
    cholesterol & steroid H)
    – Fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroid hormone synthesis
    • Folate metabolism (coenzymes synthesis DHF and THF)

    – Nonredox roles
    • Act as a donor of ADP –ribose for the posttranslational
    modification of proteins
    • Important role in DNA repair & gene stability
    Recommended Daily Allowance - Niacin

    Life Stage Age Males (mg/day)* Females (mg/day)*


    Infants 0-6 months 2 (AI) 2 (AI)
    Infants 7-12 months 4 (AI) 4 (AI)
    Children 1-3 years 6 6
    Children 4-8 8 8
    Children 9-13 12 12
    Adolescents 14-18 16 14
    Adults 19+ 16 14
    Pregnant All - 18
    Breastfeeding All - 17
    *Mg/day of Niacin Equivalents
    Clinical Relevance: Assessment
    – Urinary excretion of niacin metabolites
    • <0.8 mg/day of N’methyl nicotinamide suggestive of deficiency
    • <0.5 mg N’methyl nicotinamide per 1 gm creatinine suggestive of deficiency
    • N’methyl 2-pyridone 5-carboxamide to N’methyl nicotinamide: <1 suggestive of
    deficiency

    – Erythrocyte NAD concentrations


    – Erythrocyte NAD to NADP ratio
    Clinical relevance: Pellagra (4 Ds)
    • Pelle (skin) – agra (rough)
    • Dermatitis
    – Skin exposed to sunlight develops dermatitis
    – Casal’s necklace
    • Diarrhea (N and V), glossitis, stomatitis,
    cheliosis

    • Dementia
    – Confusion, disorientation
    – Other neurologic manifestations include headache,
    fatigue, peripheral neuritis

    • Death (if untreated)


    Clinical relevance: Hartnup Disorder
    • Inherited metabolic disorder
    • Defective gene, on chromosome 5
    • Rare (recessive pattern of inheritance)

    • Problem:
    – Impaired absorption of tryptophan
    – Impaired synthesis of niacin from tryptophan

    • Treatment:
    – High protein diet
    – Niacin supplement
    – Avoidance of exposure to sunlight
    Clinical Relevance: Toxicity
    Age UL (mg/day)

    0-12m Not established

    1-3 yrs 10

    4-8 15

    9-13 20

    14-18 30

    19+ 35
    Additional roles that may be of clinical
    significance
    • Nicotinic acid and blood lipids
    – Lower total cholesterol, TAGs, LDL, Lipoprotein a
    – Increase HDL
    – 1 g+ day nicotinic acid associated with flushing (redness)because it is a
    vasodilator, GI distress (N&V)
    – Extreme cases = liver failure
    – Extended release (Niaspan) or coupled with a prostaglandin antagonist to
    reduce symptoms of flushing

    • In vitro (cell culture) data suggests NAD deficiency may be involved in


    cancer initiation

    • Nicotinamide may protect Beta-cells early in Type I Diabetes and has been
    Drug Interactions
    • Statins
    – Rhabdomyolysis – breakdown of muscle, enzymes/electrolytes releases can
    cause kidney damage
    – Co-administering niacin enhances risk

    • Chemotherapy agents
    – Can cause symptoms of pellagra
    – Supplementation may be warranted

    • Sulfinpyrazone – promotes excretion of uric acid typically used in gout


    – Reduce uric acid clearance

    • Oral contraceptives (estrogen containing)


    – Increase conversion from tryptophan (reduced dietary needs)

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