CH 3 Structure of Solids
CH 3 Structure of Solids
CH 3 Structure of Solids
SOLIDS
Based on Chapter 3 (Callister)
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• How do atoms assemble into solid structures?
Introduction to Material Science and Engineering Copyright ©2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Elliot P. Douglas All rights reserved.
SIMPLE CUBIC STRUCTURE (SC)
• Cubic unit cell is 3D repeat unit
• Rare (only Po has this structure)
• Close-packed directions (directions along which atoms touch each other)
are cube edges.
• Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbors)
a
R=0.5a
close-packed directions
contains 8 x 1/8 =
1 atom/unit cell
Adapted from Fig. 3.19,
Callister 6e.
Lattice constant
• APF for a simple cubic structure = 0.52
BODY CENTERED CUBIC
STRUCTURE (BCC)
• Coordination # = 8
A
B B
C
A
A sites B B B
C C
B sites B B
C sites
HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED
STRUCTURE (HCP)
A sites
B sites
A sites
Adapted from Fig. 3.3,
Callister 6e.
• Coordination # = 12
• APF = 0.74, for ideal c/a ratio of 1.633
Close packed crystals
A plane
B plane
C plane
A plane
…ABCABCABC… packing …ABABAB… packing
[Face Centered Cubic (FCC)] [Hexagonal Close Packing (HCP)]
COMPARISON OF CRYSTAL
STRUCTURES
Example: Copper
Data from Table inside front cover of Callister (see previous slide):
• crystal structure = FCC: 4 atoms/unit cell
• atomic weight = 63.55 g/mol (1 amu = 1 g/mol)
• atomic radius R = 0.128 nm (1 nm = 10 -7cm)
• Structure of Carbon
Graphite Diamond
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
• Plenty of crystal structures available at:
http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/
• Polymorphism
– Same compound occurring in more than one crystal
structure
• Allotropy
– Polymorphism in elemental solids (e.g., carbon)
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS,
DIRECTIONS & PLANES
• In crystalline materials, often necessary to specify points,
directions and planes within unit cell and in crystal lattice
• Three numbers (or indices) used to designate points,
directions (lines) or planes, based on basic geometric
notions
• The three indices are determined by placing the origin at
one of the corners of the unit cell, and the coordinate
axes along the unit cell edges
POINT COORDINATES
• Any point within a unit cell specified as fractional
multiples of the unit cell edge lengths
• Position P specified as q r s; convention:
coordinates not separated by commas or
punctuation marks
EXAMPLE: POINT COORDINATES
• Locate the point (1/4 1 ½)
(2 4 2) X
(1 2 1)
( 1 0 0) (1 1 0) (1 1 1)
THREE IMPORTANT CRYSTAL
PLANES
• Parallel planes are equivalent
EXAMPLE: CRYSTAL PLANES
• Construct a (0,-1,1) plane
FCC & BCC CRYSTAL PLANES
• Consider (110) plane
• Polycrystals
-Properties may/may not 200 mm Adapted from Fig.
4.12(b), Callister 6e.
vary with direction. (Fig. 4.12(b) is courtesy
of L.C. Smith and C.
-If grains are randomly Brady, the National
Bureau of Standards,
oriented: isotropic. Washington, DC [now
the National Institute of
(Epoly iron = 210 GPa) Standards and
Technology,
-If grains are textured, Gaithersburg, MD].)
anisotropic.
AMORPHOUS MATERIALS
Crystalline materials...
• atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays
• typical of: -metals
-many ceramics
-some polymers crystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.18(a),
Callister 6e.
Noncrystalline materials...
• atoms have no periodic packing
• occurs for: -complex structures
-rapid cooling
"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline noncrystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.18(b),
Callister 6e.
X-RAYS TO CONFIRM CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
• Incoming X-rays diffract from crystal planes, following
Braggs law: nl = 2dsin(q)
• Measurement of:
Critical angles, qc,
for X-rays provide
atomic spacing, d.
Figure 4.8.2a X-ray diffraction patterns of
chromium crystal. (Science Source/Photo
Researchers, Inc.)
Figure 4.8.2b X-ray diffraction patterns of
polyethylene crystal. (Science Source/Photo
Researchers, Inc.)
Figure 4.8.3 X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA showing
evidence that DNA forms a double helix. (Science Photo
Library/Custom Medical Stock Photography)
Figure 4.8.4 X-ray diffraction pattern of
SiC taken with a powder camera.
SCANNING TUNNELING
MICROSCOPY
• Atoms can be arranged and imaged!
Photos produced from
the work of C.P. Lutz,
Zeppenfeld, and D.M.
Eigler. Reprinted with
permission from
International Business
Machines Corporation,
copyright 1995.