Respiratory System: The Second Half

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Ch. 42
The second half
Aquatic Gas Exchange
• Advantage:
• Keeping surface moist is no problem
• Disadvantage:
• O2 concentrations in water are low,
especially in warmer and saltier
environments
Terrestrial Gas Exchange
• Advantages:
• O2 diffuses faster in air
• Air contains much more O2 than
water
• Disadvantage:
• Surfaces must be internal to avoid
loss of water due to evaporation
Ventilation
• Ventilation increases the amount of O2
taken in – stagnant water is no good
• Crayfish wave their appendages to
create currents – brings fresh water
to gills
• Fish force water across their gills
• Blood also runs countercurrent to
the water
• Taking in and forcing out O2 from
lungs
Protists and Less Complex Animals
• Once again, less complex organisms
do not need complex organ systems
• Gas exchange takes place due to
diffusion
Insects
• Have a series of openings along their
sides called SPIRACLES
• Tubes called TRACHEA lead from
spiracles to all of the body tissues
• Open circulatory system does not
transport O2 and CO2
Fish
• Most fish breathe with gills – feathery
filaments that contain capillaries and a
large surface area for gas exchange
• They breathe by pumping water through
the mouth, over gill filaments and out
through slits in the sides of the pharynx
• Double Pump System: by decreasing
pressure in mouth, water is forced in; by
increasing pressure in mouth, water is
forced out through the opercula
Fish
• Because the gills are so VASCULAR
and have a large surface area, gas
exchange can happen adequately
Fish
• Countercurrent blood flow increases the
efficiency of obtaining O2 from water
Human Respiration
• Works together with the circulatory
system
• Exchange of gases between atmosphere,
blood, and cells
• If respiratory system and/or circulatory
system fails, death will occur
• Cells need O2 for work; release CO2 as a
waste product
• Accumulation of excess CO2 is toxic to
cells and MUST be removed
Respiratory System Circulatory system
• Intakes oxygen • Transports gases
• Releases carbon in blood between
dioxide waste lungs and cells
Respiratory Structures and Organs
• Nose – made of cartilage and bone and is
designed to warm, moisten, and filter air
as it comes into the system
• Pharynx – (throat) conducts food and air;
exchanges air with Eustachian tube to
equalize pressure
• Larynx – (voice box) connects the
pharynx and the trachea; made of
cartilage; contains vocal cords
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
• Epiglottis – flap of tissue that covers

trachea; ensures food travels down the
esophagus
• Trachea – (windpipe) tubular passage
way for air; carries air to the lungs,
C-shaped cartilage rings, divides at end
larynx
• Bronchi – pair
trachea
of tubes that
bronchi
branch from
trachea and
enter lungs; bronchioles
have cartilage
plates; lining is ciliated & secretes
mucus
• Bronchioles – tiny tubes lacking
cartilage and cilia; possess smooth
muscle bronchiole
smooth muscle
• Autonomic nervous system regulates

diameter of bronchioles
• Sympathetic division dilates bronchioles
• Parasympathetic division constricts
bronchioles
• Alveoli – cup shaped structures at the
end of the bronchioles that resemble
bunches of grapes; are in direct
contact with capillaries (gas
exchange);
covered with
SURFACTANT
that keep
them from
collapsing
Alveoli
• Lungs – paired,
cone-shaped
organs that are
surrounded by a
pleural membrane,
made of elastic
tissue, and
divided into lobes
Mechanics of Breathing
• Inhaling (active process) – Air moves in.
Why??
• Gases move from an area of high
pressure to low pressure
• During inspiration – diaphragm pulls
down and lungs expand
• When lungs expand, it INCREASES the
VOLUME, which DECREASES the
PRESSURE inside lungs
• Lung pressure is lower than outside
pressure, so air moves in
Mechanics of Breathing
• Exhaling (passive process) – breathing
out
• Diaphragm and muscles relax
• Volume in lungs and chest cavity
decreases, so now pressure inside
increases
• Air moves out because pressure
inside is HIGHER than OUTSIDE
atmosphere
Respiration
• What is respiration?
• External respiration – exchange of O2
and CO2 between respiratory
surfaces and the blood (breathing)
• Internal respiration – exchange of O2
and CO2 between the blood and cells
• Cellular respiration – process by
which cells use O2 to produce ATP
External Respiration
• Exchange of O2 and CO2 between
alveoli and blood
• Partial pressure of O2 higher in alveoli
than blood so O2 diffuses into blood
• Partial pressure of CO2 higher in blood
than alveoli, so CO2 moves into alveoli
in opposite direction and gets exhaled
out
Internal Respiration
• Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood
and tissues
• Pressure of O2 higher in blood than
tissues so O2 gets release into tissues.
• Pressure of CO2 higher in tissue than in
blood so CO2 diffused in opposite
direction into blood.
• CO2 Is a waste product
• O2 Is used in cellular respiration
Gas Exchange
• Earth’s atmosphere is about 78%
Nitrogen and about 21% O2
• What happens to the air when we inhale?
GAS INHALED EXHALED
O2 20.71% 14.6%
CO2 .004% 4.0%
H2O 1.25% 5.9%
• 300 million alveoli in a healthy lung
• Hemoglobin can hold four O2 molecules
Gas Transport in Blood
• Carbon dioxide
• 70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) dissolved
in plasma
• 23% bound to hemoglobin
• 7% as CO2 dissolved in plasma
• Oxygen
• 99% bound to hemoglobin
• 1% as O2 dissolved in plasma
• Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs
because CO binds to hemoglobin more
readily than O2
Control of Breathing
• Breathing is regulated by the
rhythmicity center in the medulla of
brain
rhytmicity
center
• Medulla stimulates inspiratory muscles

(diaphragm & external intercostal
muscles)
Control of Breathing
• The most important factor affecting the
rhythmicity center is CO2
 in arterial CO2 causes
 in acidity of
cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)
 in CSF acidity
is detected by pH
sensors in medulla
• medulla  rate and depth of breathing
Respiratory System Disorders
• Asthma – muscles of bronchioles
constrict, drastically reducing
ventilation
• Emphysema – destruction of alveoli
• Tuberculosis – highly contagious
bacterial infection
• Lung cancer – 90% of
lung cancer victims
have a history of
smoking

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Epiglottis – flap of tissue that covers

• Autonomic nervous system regulates

• Medulla stimulates inspiratory muscles

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