Planning is both an art and science.

For constructing sound, economical and

elegant buildings and to create
desired environment inside and outside the
building proper planning is required.
Objective of planning

 To arrange all the units of a building on all

floors and at all levels according to their functional
requirementmaking best use of the space available for
a building.
Factors governing planning
principles
 Climatic conditions
 site location
 accommodation requirements
 Localbyelaws
 surrounding environment etc
ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS
Orientation of building is to design building in
such a way as it receives maximum ventilation and
natural light in all climatic conditions.

It provides comfortable living conditions inside the

house/building and saves energy bills also.

The orientation can defend undesirable effects of

worse weather.
It should provide convenient access both to the
street and backyard.
Orientation ASPECT
PROSPECT
 Aspect : Placement of  Prospect :It refers to the
different rooms of the view seen of the outside
house in accordance with from the windows
our activities at different and doors in the external
hours of the day. wall.
 Arrangement doors and
windows in external
walls of a building to
receive and enjoy natural
gifts like sunshine,
breeze etc.
 Temparature
Wind
Clouds & Rain
Orientation for SUN
 Powerful bactericidal agent
 Source of heat and light
 Influence physical and mental health of people
 Excess causes discomfort health hazards etc
 From solar radiation point of view, the best orientation is that which
receives maximum solar radiation during winter and receives minimum
solar radiation during summer season. Solar radiation acts
in two ways.
• Sunrays directly come to the house through openings
• Radiation comes indirectly through walls and roof of building by
absorbing heat.
The South facade has advantage of receiving more solar radiation
during winter than that of receiving during summer. Even for openings
on south facade, small overhang such as curtains can cut off direct
solar penetration during summer and allows it during winter.

To minimize reflected solar heat, grassy lawns should be developed in
front of south façade.
To minimize the affect of solar radiation in western façade,
the sunshade on openings should be constructed
Buildindg should receive max solar radiation in
winter and min in summer.
 Sunshine inside the  Sun’s path
building is desirable
N
upto some extent.
W E
 Face of the building
should be so set that the s
sun ray’s are effectively
excluded without closing
windows in afternoon
period especially in
summer.
Achieved by following
 Provide large walls towards  Providing shady trees or bushes
north and south and short on the west
towards east and west.  Verandahs ,sun brakers ,shady
 Protection from the hot evening trees avoided on north as they
sun can be achieved by reduce internal day light and on
providing deep verandahs on east reduce morning sun light.
south and west.  Living rooms on south and west
 Rooms occupied in daytime to and protected by
be placed on north and east. verandahs,bathrooms,
 Verandahs west or south to stores etc
protect living or BR from direct
sun.If on east reduces morning
sunlight and on north dilutes
the light.
 Pressure difference due to unequal heating
of the earth surface causes BREEZE which is
a natural gift.
Warm air should be expulled and fresh air
should be induced into all the rooms.
For purpose of orientation it is necessary to
study the velosity ,direction and duration of
wind.
Achieved by following
 During summer cool breeze is desirable in sleeping
area at night and it should be oriented perpendicular
to the prevailing wind direction.
 Kitchen where coolness is desired should be towards
east.
 Openings to be provided on both windward and
leeward sides. Depending on size of in and outlets the
velocity of wind varies from 30 top 50% of external
speed.
The position of a building in relation to the prevailing wind or to
the sun is an important consideration.
Different rooms have different functions.

Bed room should be planned in such a way that the BR should face the
east in places having cold climate since we like sunshine to enter in
to our house.
Depending on direction of the breeze BR to be designed. For ex if
direction of breeze is south west BR should face west, southwest or
northwest as these are used after evenings.

Verandahs should face either the east or west or south to protect

kitchen , living or BR from direct sun.

Kitchen should be planned in such a way that the main window face
eastwards and others to north.

Living room should have one opening towards the north and other towards the
east to make the room more comfortable throughout the day.
Building components :
The nature of a building envelope determines the amount of
radiation and wind that will enter the building. It consists of
the following elements:
(A) Roof
(B) Walls
(C) Ground-based floor
(D) Fenestrations
(E) External color and texture
The heat gain through each element can be
varied by:
area of the element
orientation and tilt of the element
material properties
finishes
control of incoming
solar radiation

(A) Roof
The roof of a building receives a significant amount of solar
radiation. Thus, its design and construction play an
important role in modifying the heat flow, day lighting and
ventilation
The code recommends that the heat gain through roofs may be
reduced by the following methods:

Insulating materials may be applied externally or internally to

the roofs.
In case of external application, the insulating material needs to
be protected by waterproofing treatments. For internal
application, the insulating material may be fixed by adhesive
or by other means on the underside of the roofs.

A false ceiling of insulation material may be provided below the

roofs with air gaps in between.

Shining and reflecting material (e.g. glazed china mosaic) may

be laid on top of the roof.
Walls
Walls constitute a major part of the building envelope
and receive a large amount of direct radiation.
Depending on whether the need is for heating or
cooling, the thickness and
material of the wall can be varied to control heat gain
The resistance to heat flow through the
exposed walls may be increased in the following
ways:

The thickness of the wall may be increased

Cavity wall construction may be adopted

The wall maybe constructed out of suitable heat

insulating material, provided structural requirements
are met.
Heat insulating material may be fixed on the inside
or out side of the exposed wall.
In the case of external application, overall water
proofing is essential.
Light colored whitewash or distemper may be
applied on the exposed side of the wall.
Ground-based Floors :
Heat is transferred by conduction from the building to
the ground through the floor which is in contact with the
ground.
The transfer of heat between the building and the ground
occurs primarily via the perimeter of the building, and to
a lesser extent through the central portion of the floor. In
warmer climates, this heat loss is desirable from the point
of view of comfort. On the other hand, in cold climates,
heat loss through the ground needs to be minimized and
hence insulation may be provided.
The effectiveness of insulation under a floor will depend
on factors such as the moisture content and
temperature of the ground. If the moisture content is
high or the temperature is low, the tendency for heat to be
lost through the floor to the ground will increase
To improve performance, the entire slab should
be insulated.
Foundation insulation using foam board on the
inside face of the foundation wall may also be
provided. This protects both during construction
and during the life of the building.
(D) Fenestration (openings)
Fenestration is provided for the purposes of heat gain, day
lighting and ventilation.
Their pattern and configuration form an important aspect
of building design.
Appropriate design of openings and shading devices help
to keep out sun and wind or allow them into the
building. Ventilation lets in the fresh air and exhausts hot
room air, resulting in cooling.
While planning the position of a window, it must be remembered that
the tendency of hot air is to rise. Openings at higher levels would
naturally aid in venting the hot air out. The size, shape and orientation of
the opening affect the speed and flow of air inside the building.

For example, openings on opposite walls relieve high pressure on the

windward side, permitting good cross-ventilation of the interior space.

Also, a small inlet and large outlet increases the velocity and distribution
of airflow through the room.

This can be achieved by the following means:

external shading such as louvered shutters, and sun breakers such as
chajjas internal shading such as curtains and use of heat resistant glasses/
films use of double or triple glasses with air space in between (glasses
are held apart by spacer bars .
Orientation for indian conditions
 There are three major climatic divisions in india
 Hot arid zones
 Hot humid zones
 Hilly regions
Hot arid zone
 Hot arid zone :Low humidity, less rain(<100 mm),dry air, strong
sunlight, less vegetation.
 States like Punjab, Rajasthan, plains of U.P , northern and western U.P
, non coastal AP, eastern part of Maharashtra, Kerala and western part
of Tamilnadu comes under this zone.
Orientation is achieved by
 Walls exposed to sun should be less in numbered
 Non habitable rooms must be planned on west which act as thermal
barriers and save remaining rooms fro sun.
 Light colors should be used
 Shading devices should be provided on sunny sides
 DPC can be avoided
Orientation direction
 Northern India: For Punjab and other areas east and
west direction, facing north
 Central India : ESE(east of south east)and WNW(west
of north west),facing north
 Delhi :Longer sides towards SE and NW ,facing NE
Hot Humid Zone
 Moderate heat, moist air, high rainfall(>100mm),more vegetation, wind
direction is away from coast for more time
 States like eastern and southern parts part of M.P, Bihar, Assam , Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala, eastern coast of Tamilnadu, and AP.
 Temperature ranges from 25-30 degrees in summer and 10-20 in winter
Orientation is achieved by:
 Providing large windows for good circulation of fresh air and
ventilators for expel of hot air.
 Pitched roofs are desirable as rains are heavy. Asbestos cement sheets
/aluminum sheets/galvanized iron sheets are used as roofing material.
 Thicker walls to be used.
 DPC is a must.
Tropically hilly areas
 Chill weather, moist air, rainfall round the year, snowfall in winter.
 States like Kashmir, hills of Punjab, Assam ,Kerala,himachal
pradesh,uttaranchal,hilly regions of satpura in M.P,goa,maharastra
come under this zone.
Orientation is achieved by
 Pitched roofs are desirable.
 Compact closed plans are desirable.
 Long walls on east and west to receive max heat.
 Dark colours are used
 Room heaters are used during chill weather
 Thicker walls to be used
 Area of ventilation must be 8-15%
Tropical hilly regions
 West coast: SE and NW ,facing SW
 East coast: SE and NW facing NW
 Bengal: E,W facing S
Privacy : It is the screening provided for individuals to be from
the others.
It can be of sight in Bedrooms ,washrooms urinal etc
Sound in confidential discussions
Privacy is of two types
Internal privacy
External privacy
Internal privacy : Screening provided within different rooms
Achieved by
Proper grouping of rooms
Careful planning of entrance and circulation space.
Better placing of doors and windows
External privacy : Screening of whole building with respect
to other building.
Achieved by having
a compound wall
Planting of trees along the compound walls which act as
sound barriersand sight barriers
Planting of creepers along boundary wall
ROOMINESS : Deriving maximum benefits from
minimum dimensioned room
Accomplishment of economy of space and avoiding
crampling of the plans.
L:B=1:11/2L Tunnel effect.
If square broom found in convenient compared to
rectangular of same area .

L:B=1.2:1 to 1.5:1. Effective

Position of doors , windows, cupboards ,lofts etc

Color treatment for creating effect of space.
GROUPING :Arrangement of different rooms in a
building with reference
to their functions.
It minimizes the circulation area and at the same time
improves the comfort , privacy , and convenience of the
occupants of the house.

Dining-kitchen
Kitchen away from drawing room/living room
Verandah adjacent to drawing room
BR ,Dressing room, toilet can be grouped
Staircase centrally placed
Water closet away from dining
CIRCULATION :
Space provided for movement.
Horizontal circulation
Vertical circulation
Passage, corridors, lobbies, staircases, lifts etc
SANITATION :
Lighting
Ventilation
cleanliness
sanitary requirements

Lighting : Important from point of view of illumination

,hygiene ,safety of users and creating pleasing
environment.
It is of two types :Natural lighting
Artificial lighting
For adequate day light the area of windows should be for
buildings in hot humid climate 1/7th area of the floor, dry
climate 1/10th area of the floor for public buildings 1/5th of
floor area.
 For good and comfortable lighting the following may
be observed.
 GLARE
Elegance:
Grand appearance of a building
Elevation
Proportion of width, height, doors, windows, material used
for components, site conditions, granite, marble etc usage,
buildings on elevated places bay windows, corner windows
etc
ECONOMY:
It affects planning
It can be achieved by
Simple elevation
Reducing storey height
THANK YOU