The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum controls higher functions like thinking and reasoning. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The medulla regulates basic functions vital for life. The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system to regulate body processes and behaviors. Specific areas of the cerebrum called the sensory and motor strips map the body and control voluntary movement.
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum controls higher functions like thinking and reasoning. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The medulla regulates basic functions vital for life. The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system to regulate body processes and behaviors. Specific areas of the cerebrum called the sensory and motor strips map the body and control voluntary movement.
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum controls higher functions like thinking and reasoning. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The medulla regulates basic functions vital for life. The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system to regulate body processes and behaviors. Specific areas of the cerebrum called the sensory and motor strips map the body and control voluntary movement.
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum controls higher functions like thinking and reasoning. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The medulla regulates basic functions vital for life. The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system to regulate body processes and behaviors. Specific areas of the cerebrum called the sensory and motor strips map the body and control voluntary movement.
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ENSEFALITIS
Bambang Mulyawan fk-umm Ensefalitis
Infeksi jaringan otak oleh berbagai macam
mikro organisme Encephalitis
An inflammation of the brain
parenchyma, presents as diffuse and/or focal neuropsychological dysfunction Most commonly a viral infection with parenchymal damage varying from mild to profound
Encephalitis, Emedicine.com Encephalitis
Primary encephalitis Post - infectious or Para - infectious encephalitis
A text book of Infectious disease I, ้ ง
สมาคมโรคติดเชือแห่ Meningitis – inflammation of the meninges Encephalitis – infection of the brain parenchyma Meningoencephalitis – inflammation of brain + meninges Aseptic meningitis – inflammation of meninges with sterile CSF Etiologi
I. Infeksi – virus
II. Infeksi non virus
III.Para-infeksi-post-infeksi, alergi
IV. Penyakit “Slow-virus”
V. Penyebab tidak diketahui (50%)
Etiology of Encephalitis Viruses are the most common cause of encephalitis. Arbovirus
Rabies Virus
Herpes Simplex virus-1
AIDS
Viruses also can play a role in causing
encephalitis as an after effect of systemic diseases: Influenza
Toxoplasma gondii Etiologi Klasifikasi Steigman, 1981 I. Infeksi langsung A. Antar manusia 1. Virus RNA Mumps, Morbili, Rubella, Enterovirus 2. Virus DNA Herpes virus, Varisella-zooster, CMV, Virus EP B. Melalui serangga 1. Arbovirus 2. Flafivirus C. Melalui mamalia Rabies, Virus B Limpositik, Kloriomeningitis II. Para-infeksius – post infeksius, alergi
A. Penyakit morbilli, rubela, mump, varisella zoster,
influensa
B. Vaksinasi : Rabies, morbili, influenza, vaksinia
cutaneous vessicles Treatment - IV acyclovir Pathophysiology (1)
Primary infection with HSV-1 usually
occurs in the oropharyngeal mucosa and is typically asymptomatic. Symptomatic disease is characterized by fever, pain, and an inability to swallow caused by lesions on the buccal and the gingival mucosa. The duration of illness is 2 to 3 weeks.
12 Pathophysiology (2) After primary infection, HSV-1 is spread by retrograde transport via a division of the trigeminal nerve
The virus then establishes latency in
the trigeminal ganglion. Reactivation of latent ganglionic infection with replication of virus leads to viral encephalitis
13 Pathophysiology (3)
HSV-1 encephalitis may also be the
result of primary infection from either intranasal inoculation of virus with direct invasion of the olfactory bulb and tract leading to infection in the temporal cortex and limbic system structures.
14 HSV-1 encephalitis showing extensive destruction of inferior frontal and anterior temporal lobes. (seizures, personality change, and neurologic deficits)
15 Japanese Encephalitis Most important cause of arboviral encephalitis worldwide, with over 45,000 cases reported annually Transmitted by culex mosquito, which breeds in rice fields › Mosquitoes become infected by feeding on domestic pigs and wild birds infected with Japanese encephalitis virus › Infected mosquitoes transmit virus to humans and animals during the feeding process History of Japanese Encephalitis
1800s – recognized in Japan
1924 – Japan epidemic. 6125 cases, 3797 deaths 1935 – virus isolated in brain of Japanese patient who died of encephalitis 1938 – virus isolated from Culex mosquitoes in Japan 1948 – Japan outbreak 1949 – Korea outbreak 1966 – China outbreak Today – extremely prevalent in South East Asia 30,000-50,000 cases reported each year Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis in Asia, 1970-1998 Patogenesis
Virus tubuh susunan limfatik berkembang biak
darah susunan saraf pusat kelainan neurologis
Antigen virus (virusnya sendiri sudah tidak ada di otak)
Reaksi jaringan saraf demielinisasi, kerusakan
vaskuler & perivaskuler
PATOGENESIS ARBOVIRUS (Gigitan serangga)
Inokulasi (Subkuta n)
Replikasi virus (Jaringan lokal)
Viremia Seluruh Kapiler Jaringan tubuh Infeksi serebral Sel endotel vaskuler Otak Jonson RT 1987 Parenkim otak Inokulasi (Intra nasal)
Replikasi Replikasi (paru) (Nasofaring)
Dara Neural h Olfaktorius
Organ Serebrum Batang
Ota Serebrum k
Kern.E.R 1985 PERJALANAN PENYAKIT Bergantung dari :
1. Virus
2. Lokalisasi lesi
3. Luas lesi
4. Faktor imunitas
5. Faktor umur
6. Gangguan metabolik
7. Penyakit penyerta GEJALA KLINIS
Gejala umum
Panas mendadak
Hiperpireksia
Sakit kepala
Mual
Muntah Clinical Presentation
Any degree of altered consciousness,
ranging from mild lethargy to deep coma. Personality changes, hallucinations, agitations and other behavior disorders. Focal or generalization seizures may occur. Neurological disturbances
24 GEJALA NEUROLOGIK Kesadaran : Apatis, somnolen, sopor, koma
The Brain By the end of the lesson you should be able to Describe the structure and function of the brain State the function and location of cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla and hypothalamus State the location of sensory and motor strip The Brain weighs 1300 - 1400 g
made up of about 100
billion neurons
“the most complex living
structure on the universe” Society for Neuroscience
makes us who we are
The Brain
Phineas gage Brain structure Cerebrum
cerebellum hypothalamus
Pituitary gland brain functions medulla Parts of the cerebrum
alcohol and the brain
Sensory and motor strips Sensory homunculus Motor strip and Motor strip homunculus The Brain Can you Describe the structure and function of the brain State the function and location of cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla and hypothalamus State the location of sensory and motor strip This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com
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