EEPW 2150

ELECTRICAL 
PRINCIPLES

MODULE 1
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
 OHM’S LAW
(Georg Simon Ohm)
Current (I) flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the
Applied Voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the
Resistance (R), provided that Temperature remains constant.
 OHM’S LAW
(Georg Simon Ohm)

Voltage (V)
Potential Difference (V) Resistance (R)
Electromotive Force (EMF or E) Current (I) Unit is OHM, Ohm, or Ω
Unit is VOLT, Volt, or V Unit is AMPERE, Amp, or A
 OHM’S LAW
(Example Problem #1)
The Current flowing through a resistor is 0.8 A when a PD
(Potential Difference) of 20 V is applied. Determine the
value of the Resistance.

Given: Solve:
I = 0.8 A R
V = 20 V
 OHM’S LAW
(Additional Example)
Determine the PD that must be applied to a 50 Ω Resistor
such that a Current of 2 A may flow.

Given: Solve:
R = 50 Ω V
I=2A
 OHM’S LAW
(Additional Example)
A 20 V Source of EMF is connected across a circuit having a
Resistance of 400 Ω. Calculate the Current flowing.

Given: Solve:
V = 20 V I
R = 400 Ω
MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES
(Engineering Notation)
PREFIX SYMBOL ENGINEERING NOTATION VALUE

milli m 0.001

micro µ 0.000001

nano n 0.000000001

pico p 0.000000000001

femto f 0.000000000000001
 MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES
(Engineering Notation)
PREFIX SYMBOL ENGINEERING NOTATION VALUE

Kilo K 1,000

Mega M 1,000,000

Giga G 1,000,000,000

Tera T 1,000,000,000,000

Peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000
 OHM’S LAW with ENG’G NOTATION
(Example Problem #2)
 
Determine the PD which must be applied to a 2 KΩ resistor
in order that a Current of 10 mA may flow.

Given: Solve:
R = 2 KΩ = 2,000 Ω V
I = 10 mA =
 OHM’S LAW with ENG’G NOTATION
(Example Problem #3)
 
A coil has a Current of 50 mA flowing through it when the
Applied Voltage is 12 V. What is the Resistance of the coil?

Given: Solve:
I = 50 mA = R
V = 12 V
 OHM’S LAW with ENG’G NOTATION
(Example Problem #4)
 A 100 V Battery is connected across a Resistor and causes a Current of 5 mA to
flow. Determine the Resistance of the Resistor. If the Voltage is now reduced
to 25 V, what will be the new value of the Current flowing?

Given Condition 1: Solve:

I = 5 mA = R
V = 100 V

Given Condition 2: Solve:

R = Result of Condition 1 I
V = 25 V
 CONDUCTORS
(Conductors and Insulators)
• Material having a low Resistance which allows Electric
Current to flow in it.
• All metals are conductors.
• Examples BRASS

COPPER ALUMINUM PLATINUM SILVER GOLD CARBON

 INSULATORS
(Conductors and Insulators)
• Material having high Resistance which does not allow
Electric Current to flow in it.
• Examples

PLASTIC RUBBER GLASS PORCELAIN AIR

PAPER CORK OILS CERAMICS MICA

 ELECTRICAL POWER
(Real, True, or Active Power)
• Electric Power is the rate, per unit time, at which
Electrical Energy is transferred by an Electric Circuit.
• It is the rate of doing Work.
• The product of the Potential Difference (V) and
Current (I).
• The unit is WATT, Watt, or W.
 ELECTRICAL POWER
(Real, True, or Active Power)
 ELECTRICAL POWER
(Example Problem #5)
A 100 W electric light bulb is connected to a 250 V supply.
Determine: (a) the Current flowing in the bulb, and (b) the
Resistance of the bulb.

Given: Solve:
P = 100 W I and R
V = 250 V
 ELECTRICAL POWER
(Example Problem #6)
 
Calculate the Power dissipated when a Current of 4 mA
flows through a Resistance of 5 KΩ.

Given: Solve:
I = 4 mA = P
R = 5 KΩ =
 ELECTRICAL POWER
(Example Problem #7)
 
An electric kettle has a Resistance of 30 Ω. What Current
will flow when it is connected to a 240 V supply? Find also
the Power Rating of the kettle.

Given: Solve:
R = 30 I and P
V = 240 V
 ELECTRICAL POWER
(Example Problem #8)
A Current of 5 A flows in the winding of an electric motor,
the Resistance of the winding being 100 Ω. Determine: (a)
the PD across the winding, and (b) the Power dissipated by
the coil.

Given: Solve:
I=5A V and P
R = 100 Ω
 ELECTRICAL POWER
(Example Problem #9)
The hot Resistance of a 240 V filament lamp is 960 Ω. Find
the Current taken by the lamp and its Power rating.

Given: Solve:
V = 240 V I and P
R = 960 Ω
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY
(As compared to Electrical Power)
• Electrical Energy is a form of Energy resulting from the flow
of Electric Charge.
• Energy is the ability to do Work or apply Force to move an
object.
• If the Power is measured in Watts (W) and the Time in
seconds (s or sec), then the Unit of Energy is Watt-seconds
(W-sec) or Joules (J).
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY
(As compared to Electrical Power)
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY
(As compared to Electrical Power)
• If the Power is measured in Kilowatts
(KW) and the Time in hours (Hr),
then the Unit of Energy is Kilowatt-
hours (KW-Hr or KWh), often
called the ‘Unit of Electricity’.
• The ‘Electricity Meter’ in the home
records the number of Kilowatt-hours
used.
 ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY
(Example Problem #10)
A 12 V battery is connected across a load having a Resistance of
40 Ω. Determine the Current flowing in the load, the Power
consumed, and the Energy dissipated in 2 minutes.

Given: Solve:
V = 12 V I, P, and W
R = 40 Ω
t = 2 minutes = 120 sec
 ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY
(Example Problem #11)
A source of EMF of 15 V supplies a Current of 2 A for 6
minutes. How much Energy is provided in this time?

Given: Solve:
V = 15 V W
I=2A
t = 6 minutes
 ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY
(Example Problem #12)
Electrical equipment in an office takes a current of 13 A from a
240 V supply. Estimate the cost per week of electricity if the
equipment is used for 30 hours each week and 1 KW-Hr of
Energy costs 12.5 Baisa.
Given: Solve:
I = 13 A Cost/week
V = 240 V
t = 30 Hrs
Cost/KW-Hr = 12.5 Baisa
 ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY
(Example Problem #13)
 
An electric heater consumes 3.6 MJ when connected to a
250 V supply for 40 minutes. Find the Power rating of the
heater and the Current taken from the supply.

Given: Solve:
W = 3.6 MJ = P and I
V = 250 V
t = 40 mins = 2400 sec
 STUDENT EXERCISE PROBLEMS
(Module 1)
1. The Current flowing through a heating element is 5 A
when a PD of 35 V is applied across it. Find the
Resistance of the element. [7 Ω]
2. A 60 W electric light bulb is connected to a 240 V supply.
Determine: (a) the Current flowing in the bulb, and (b)
the Resistance of the bulb. [(a) 0.25 A (b) 960 Ω]
3. Determine the PD which must be applied to a 5 KΩ
resistor such that a Current of 6 mA may flow. [30 V]
 STUDENT EXERCISE PROBLEMS
(Module 1)
4. A 20 V source of EMF is connected across a circuit having a
Resistance of 400 Ω. Calculate the Current flowing.
[50 mA]
5. The hot Resistance of a 250 V filament lamp is 625 Ω.
Determine the Current taken by the lamp and its Power
rating. [0.4 A, 100 W]
6. Determine the Resistance of a coil connected to a 150 V
supply when a current of: (a) 75 mA (b) 300 μA flows
through it. [(a) 2 KΩ (b) 0.5 MΩ]
 STUDENT EXERCISE PROBLEMS
(Module 1)
7. Determine the Resistance of an electric fire which takes a
current of 12 A from a 240 V supply. Find also the Power
rating of the fire and the Energy used in 20 hrs.
[20 Ω, 2.88 KW, 57.6 KW-Hr]
8. Determine the Power dissipated when a current of 10 mA
flows through an appliance having a Resistance of 8 KΩ.
[0.8 W]
 SERIES CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Resistors in Series)
• Three Resistors are connected end-
 

to-end (in series), with a Battery

Source of V (in Volts).
• Since the circuit is closed, a Current
(I) will flow and the PD across each
Resistor may be determined from
Voltmeter readings .  
• Current (I) is the same in all parts of
the circuit.
 SERIES CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Resistors in Series)
• The sum of the Voltages is equal to the
 

Total Applied Voltage (V).

• From Ohm’s Law:

 SERIES CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Example Problem #14)
For the circuit shown, determine: (a) the battery Voltage (V), (b) the
 

Total Resistance of the circuit , and (c) the values of Resistors , given
that the PDs across are 5 V, 2 V, and 6 V, respectively.
Solve:
 SERIES CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Example Problem #15)
 
For the circuit shown, determine the PD across Resistor 3 (). If the
Total Resistance of the circuit is 100 Ω, determine the Current
flowing through Resistor 1 (). Find also the value of Resistor 2 ().

Given:

Solve:
 SERIES CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Example Problem #16)
A 12 V battery is connected in a circuit having three series-connected
 

resistors having Resistances of 4 Ω, 9 Ω, and 11 Ω. Determine the

Current flowing through and the PD across the 9 Ω resistor. Find
also the Power dissipated in the 11 Ω resistor.
Solve:
 POTENTIAL/VOLTAGE DIVIDER 
PRINCIPLE
(For Series Circuits)

The Potential Divider is the simplest 
way of producing a source of lower 
EMF from a source of higher EMF, and 
is the basic operating mechanism of the 
potentiometer; a measuring device for 
accurately measuring Potential 
Differences.
POTENTIAL/VOLTAGE DIVIDER PRINCIPLE
(For Series Circuits)

 
• From 

• From 

 
 POTENTIAL/VOLTAGE DIVIDER PRINCIPLE
(Example Problem #17)

 
Determine the value of Voltage shown .
Use Voltage Divider Principle.

Solve:
 POTENTIAL/VOLTAGE DIVIDER PRINCIPLE
(Example Problem #18)

  Two resistors are connected in series across a 24 V

supply and a Current of 3 A flows in the circuit. If
one of the resistors has a Resistance of 2 Ω,
determine: (a) the value of the other resistor, and
(b) the PD across the 2 Ω resistor. If the circuit is
connected for 50 hours, how much Energy is used?
Given:
t = 50 Hrs
Solve:
 STUDENT EXERCISE PROBLEMS
(Module 1)
9. The PDs measured across three resistors connected in
series are 5 V, 7 V, and 10 V, respectively, and the
Supply Current is 2 A. Determine: (a) the Supply
Voltage, (b) the Total Circuit Resistance, and (c) the
values of the three resistors.
[(a) 22 V (b) 11 Ω (c) 2.5 Ω, 3.5 Ω, and 5 Ω]
 STUDENT EXERCISE PROBLEMS
(Module 1)
10.
 
For the circuit shown, determine the value of . If the Total
Circuit Resistance is 36 Ω, determine the Supply Current and
the value of resistors . [10 V, 0.5 A, 20 Ω, 10
Ω, 6 Ω]
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Resistors in Parallel)
 •
Three Resistors are connected with same ends together (in
parallel), with a Battery Source of V (in Volts).
• Resistors are said to be connected together in parallel when both of
their terminals are respectively connected to each terminal of the
other Resistor or Resistors.
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Resistors in Parallel)
 •
The sum of the Currents is equal to the Total Circuit Current.

• The Source PD is the same across each of the resistors.

.
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Resistors in Parallel)
 •
From Ohm’s Law:
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Resistors in Parallel)
 •
For two Resistors in parallel:
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Example Problem #19)
 
Two resistors of Resistances 3 Ω and 6 Ω, are connected in parallel
across a battery having a Voltage of 12 V. Determine: (a) the Total
Circuit Resistance, and (b) the Current flowing in the 3 Ω resistor.

Solve:
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Example Problem #20)
 
For the circuit shown, determine: (a) the
reading on the ammeter, and (b) the value of
resistor .
Solve:
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT/NETWORK
(Example Problem #21)
 
For the circuit shown, find: (a) the value of the Supply Voltage (V),
and (b) the value of Current (I).
Solve:
 CURRENT DIVIDER PRINCIPLE
(For Parallel Circuits)

 
• From 

• From 

 
 CURRENT DIVIDER PRINCIPLE
(Example Problem #22)
 
For the series-parallel
arrangement shown, find: (a)
the Supply Current, (b) the
Current flowing through each
resistor, and (c) the PD across
each resistor.
Solve:
 STUDENT EXERCISE PROBLEMS
(Module 1)
 11. Resistances of 4 Ω and 12 Ω are connected in
parallel across a 9 V battery. Determine: (a)
the Equivalent Circuit Resistance, (b) the
Supply Current, and (c) the Current in each
resistor.
[(a) 3 Ω (b) 3 A (c) 2.25 A, 0.75 A]
12. For the Circuit shown, determine the: (A)
Current , and (B) value of the Resistor .
[2.5 A, 2.5 Ω]