Graphene

GRAPHENE
Introduction
 Graphene can be described as a one-

atom thick layer of graphite.
 It is the basic structural element of other

allotropes, including graphite, charcoal,
carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.
 Graphene is the strongest, thinnest

material known to exist. Graphene is an atomic-scale honeycomb lattice
made of carbon atoms.
History
 One of the very first patents pertaining

to the production of graphene was filed
in October, 2002 entitled, "Nano-scaled
Graphene Plates“.
 Two years later, in 2004 Andre Geim and
Kostya Novoselov at University of
Manchester extracted single-atom-thick
crystallites from bulk graphite
Structure
 Graphene is a 2-dimensional
network of carbon atoms.
 These carbon atoms are bound
within the plane by strong bonds into
a honeycomb array comprised of six-
membered rings.
 It is a basic building block for
graphitic materials of all other
dimensionalities.
 Thus, graphen is nothing else than a
single graphite layer.
It can be wrapped up into 0D
fullerenes, rolled into 1D
nanotubes or stacked into 3D
graphite.
Chemical Properties
 Graphene is chemically the most reactive form of carbon.

 Carbon atoms at the edge of graphene sheets have special
chemical reactivity.
 Graphene has the highest ratio of edgy carbons
 Graphene is commonly modified with oxygen- and
nitrogen-containing functional groups
Electronic Properties
 It is a zero-overlap semimetal (with both holes and electrons as charge carriers)

with very high electrical conductivity.
 Electrons are able to flow through graphene more easily than through even
copper.
 The electrons travel through the graphene sheet as if they carry no mass, as fast
as just one hundredth that of the speed of light.
 High charge carrier mobility, for which values of 10,000 cm2/Vs, in some cases
even 200,000 cm2/Vs were reported.
In an insulator or semiconductor, an electron bound to an atom can break free only if it
gets enough energy from heat or passing photon to jump the ‘band gap’.
But in graphene the gap is infinitesimal. This is the main reason why graphene’s
electron can move easily and very fast.
Mechanical Properties
 To calculate the strength of graphene,

scientists used a technique called Atomic
Force Microscopy.
 The tensile strength of graphene exceeds
1 TPa.
 It is stretchable up to 20% of its initial
length.
It is expected that graphene’s
mechanical properties will find
applications into making a new
generation of super strong
composite materials and along
combined with its optical
properties, making flexible
displays.
Thermal Properties
Graphene is a perfect thermal conductor

Its thermal conductivity is much higher than all the other carbon
structures as carbon nanotubes, graphite and diamond (> 5000 W/m/K)
at room temperature
The ballistic thermal conductance of graphene is isotropic, i.e. same in all
directions
The material's high electron
mobility and high thermal
conductivity could lead to chips
that are not only faster but also
better at dissipating heat.
This schematic shows a three-

dimensional stacked chip with
layers of graphene acting as
heat spreaders.
Applications
While as of 2015, graphene is
not used in commercial
applications, many have been
proposed and/or are under
active development, in areas
including electronics, biological
engineering, filtration,
lightweight/strong composite
materials, photovoltaics and
energy storage.
Biomedical
Graphene could soon be used to
analyze DNA at a record-breaking
pace.
That’s the claim of a physicist in
the US who has proposed a new
way of reading the sequence of
chemical bases in a DNA strand
by sending the molecule through
a tiny slit in a graphene sheet.
INFINITE
ENERGY
Graphene can be used to

transfer heat to the crust
from the mantle due to
high heat conductivity and
strength of graphene.
Integrated
circuits
o Graphene has a high carrier mobility, as
well as low noise, allowing it to be used
as the channel in a field-effect
transistor.
o Processors using 100 GHz transistors on
2-inch (51 mm) graphene sheets.
o Graphene-based integrated circuit
handled frequencies up to 10 GHz.
o Transistors printed on flexible plastic
that operate at 25 gigahertz
o Terahertz-speed transistor
Optical
Electronics
 Graphene's high electrical conductivity
and high optical transparency make it a
candidate for transparent conducting
electrodes.
 Graphene's mechanical strength and
flexibility are advantageous compared
to indium tin oxide, which is brittle.
 So it would work very well in
optoelectronic applications:
touchscreens, liquid crystal displays,
organic photovoltaic cells, and organic
light-emitting diodes.
Filters
Desalination: By very precise control over
the size of the holes in the graphene sheet,
graphene oxide filters could outperform
other techniques of desalination by a
significant margin.
Ethanol distillation: Graphene oxide
membranes allow water vapor to pass
through, but are impermeable to other
liquids and gases.
Such membranes could revolutionize the
economics of biofuel production and the
alcoholic beverage industry
Solar cells
• Graphene turned to be a promising material
for photoelectrochemical energy conversion
in dye sensitized solar cells.
• The transparent, conductive, and ultrathin
graphene films are fabricated from exfoliated
graphite oxide, followed by thermal
reduction.
• The obtained films exhibit a high
conductivity of 550 S/cm and a transparency
of more than 70% over 1000-3000 nm.
Energy Storage
Devices
 Due to the extremely high
surface area to mass ratio of
graphene, one potential
application is in the conductive
plates of Supercapacitors.
 It is believed that graphene could

be used to produce
Supercapacitors with a greater
energy storage density than is
currently available.
Anti-
Bacterial
• In 2010, the Chinese Academy of
Sciences has found that sheets
of graphene oxide are highly
effective at killing bacteria such
as Escherichia coli.
• This means graphene could be
useful in applications such as
hygiene products or packaging
that will help keep food fresh for
longer periods of time.
Other Applications
 Graphene nanoribbons  Composite Materials

 IR detectors  Liquid Cells for Electron Microscopy
 Single-molecule gas detection  Thermal management materials
 Piezoelectric materials  Optical Modulators
 Energy Harvesting  Chemical sensors
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GRAPHENE

 Graphene can be described as a one-

 It is the basic structural element of other

 Graphene is the strongest, thinnest

 One of the very first patents pertaining

 Graphene is chemically the most reactive form of carbon.

 It is a zero-overlap semimetal (with both holes and electrons as charge carriers)

 To calculate the strength of graphene,

Graphene is a perfect thermal conductor

This schematic shows a three-

Graphene can be used to

 It is believed that graphene could

 Graphene nanoribbons  Composite Materials

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