19.2.

3 Parallel resonant dc-dc converter

Differs from series resonant converter as follows:

Different tank network
Rectifier is driven by sinusoidal voltage, and is connected to
inductive-input low-pass filter
Need a new model for rectifier and filter networks

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 1 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Model of uncontrolled rectifier
with inductive filter network

Fundamental component of iR(t):

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 2 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Effective resistance Re

Again define

In steady state, the dc output voltage V is equal to the average value

of | vR |:

For a resistive load, V = IR. The effective resistance Re can then be

expressed

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 3 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Equivalent circuit model of uncontrolled rectifier
with inductive filter network

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 4 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Equivalent circuit model
Parallel resonant dc-dc converter

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 5 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Construction of Zo

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 6 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Construction of H

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 7 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Dc conversion ratio of the PRC

At resonance, this becomes

• PRC can step up the voltage, provided R > R0

• PRC can produce M approaching infinity, provided output current is
limited to value less than Vg / R0

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 8 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Comparison of approximate and exact characteristics

1.0

Series resonant 0.8

converter

M = V/Vg
exact M, Q=2
0.6 approx M, Q=2
exact M, Q=10
approx M, Q=10
Below resonance: 0.4
exact M, Q=0.5
approx M, Q=0.5

0.5 < F < 1 0.2

0.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
F
1.0
Above resonance:
0.8
1<F
M=V/Vg

exact M, Q=0.5
0.6 approx M, Q=0.5
exact M, Q=10
approx M, Q=10
0.4
exact M, Q=2
approx M, Q=2
0.2

0.0
1 2 3 4 5
F
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 9 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion
 Comparison of approximate and exact characteristics

3.00
Parallel resonant Qe=5

converter 2.50

2.00

M 1.50
Qe=2

1.00
Exact equation: solid Q e=1

lines 0.50
Qe=0.5
Sinusoidal approximation: Qe=0.2
shaded lines 0.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
F

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 10 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 19.3 Soft switching

Soft switching can mitigate some of the mechanisms of switching loss

and possibly reduce the generation of EMI
Semiconductor devices are switched on or off at the zero crossing of
their voltage or current waveforms:
Zero-current switching: transistor turn-off transition occurs at zero
current. Zero-current switching eliminates the switching loss
caused by IGBT current tailing and by stray inductances. It can
also be used to commutate SCR’s.
Zero-voltage switching: transistor turn-on transition occurs at
zero voltage. Diodes may also operate with zero-voltage
switching. Zero-voltage switching eliminates the switching loss
induced by diode stored charge and device output capacitances.
Zero-voltage switching is usually preferred in modern converters.
Zero-voltage transition converters are modified PWM converters, in
which an inductor charges and discharges the device capacitances.
Zero-voltage switching is then obtained.
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 11 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion
 19.3.1 Operation of the full bridge below resonance:
Zero-current switching

Series resonant converter example

Operation below resonance: input tank current leads voltage

Zero-current switching (ZCS) occurs

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 12 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Tank input impedance

Operation below
resonance: tank input || Zi ||
impedance Zi is
dominated by tank L
capacitor.
Zi is positive, and f0
R0
tank input current
Q e = R0 /R e
leads tank input Re
voltage.
Zero crossing of the
tank input current
waveform is(t) occurs
before the zero
crossing of the voltage
vs(t).

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 13 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Switch network waveforms, below resonance
Zero-current switching

vs1 (t)
Vg

vs(t)
t

– Vg

is(t)

t t

Conduction sequence: Q1–D1–Q2–D2

Conducting
devices:
Q1
Q4
D1
D4
Q2
Q3
D2
D3
Q1 is turned off during D1 conduction
interval, without loss
“Hard” “Soft” “Hard” “Soft”
turn-on of turn-off of turn-on of turn-off of
Q 1, Q 4 Q 1, Q 4 Q 2, Q 3 Q2, Q3

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 14 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 ZCS turn-on transition: hard switching

vds1 (t)
Vg

t
ids(t)

t t
Conducting Q1 D1 Q2 D2
devices: Q4 D4 Q3 D3
Q1 turns on while D2 is conducting. Stored
“Hard” “Soft” charge of D2 and of semiconductor output
turn-on of turn-off of capacitances must be removed. Transistor
Q 1, Q 4 Q 1, Q 4
turn-on transition is identical to hard-
switched PWM, and switching loss occurs.

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 15 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 16 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion
 19.3.2 Operation of the full bridge below resonance:
Zero-voltage switching

Series resonant converter example

Operation above resonance: input tank current lags voltage

Zero-voltage switching (ZVS) occurs

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 17 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Tank input impedance

Operation above
resonance: tank input || Zi ||
impedance Zi is
dominated by tank L
inductor.
Zi is negative, and f0
R0
tank input current lags
Q e = R0 /R e
tank input voltage. Re
Zero crossing of the
tank input current
waveform is(t) occurs
after the zero crossing
of the voltage vs(t).

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 18 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 Switch network waveforms, above resonance
Zero-voltage switching

vs1 (t)
Vg

vs(t)
t

– Vg

is(t)

t t

Conduction sequence: D1–Q1–D2–Q2

Conducting D 1 Q1 D2 Q2 Q1 is turned on during D1 conduction
devices: D Q4 D3 Q3
4 interval, without loss
“Soft” “Hard” “Soft” “Hard”
turn-on of turn-off of turn-on of turn-off of
Q 1, Q 4 Q 1, Q 4 Q 2, Q 3 Q2, Q3

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 19 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion

 ZVS turn-off transition: hard switching?

vds1 (t)
Vg

t
ids(t)

t t
Conducting D 1 Q1 D2 Q2
devices: D Q4 D3 Q3
When Q1 turns off, D2 must begin
conducting. Voltage across Q1 must
4

“Soft” “Hard” increase to Vg. Transistor turn-off transition

turn-on of turn-off of
Q1, Q4 Q 1, Q4 is identical to hard-switched PWM.
Switching loss may occur (but see next
slide).
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 20 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion
 Soft switching at the ZVS turn-off transition

• Introduce small
capacitors Cleg across
each device (or use
device output
capacitances).
• Introduce delay
between turn-off of Q1
and turn-on of Q2.
vds1 (t)
Vg Tank current is(t) charges and
discharges Cleg. Turn-off transition
becomes lossless. During commutation
interval, no devices conduct.
Q1 X D2 t
Conducting So zero-voltage switching exhibits low
devices: Q4 D3
switching loss: losses due to diode
Turn off Commutation stored charge and device output
Q 1, Q 4 interval
capacitances are eliminated.
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 21 Chapter 19: Resonant Conversion