Acute Gi Bleeding: Rohman Azzam
Acute Gi Bleeding: Rohman Azzam
Acute Gi Bleeding: Rohman Azzam
• H.pylori
• NSAIDS
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
(tumors dari dalam pancreas
atau duodenum)
Pendarahan Lambung & Duodenum
Pendarahan Small Intestine
• Pendarahan diarea ini
hanya sebagian kecil saja
dari perdarahan GI
• Penyebab:
– Diverticulosis
– Arteriovenous
malformation
– Intussusception usus halus Diverticulosis, pouches form
– Oklusi arteri mesenteric because of pressure on weak
superior akut walls of the colon. In diverticulitis,
these pouches may become
– Crohn disease inflamed.
Pendarahan Small Intestine
Causes Intussusception • Penyebab intussusception
tdk diketahui.
• Insiden meningkat sering
pada anak:
– Cystic fibrosis and
dehydrated.
– Abdominal/intestinal
tumors/masses.
– Intestinal virus known as
gastroenteritis.
– Upper respiratory tract
infection, including infection
with adenovirus.
– Finished taking chemotherapy
for cancer.
Pendarahan Small Intestine
• Crohn's disease: is a form of
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Usually affects the intestines, but may
occur anywhere from the mouth to the
end of the rectum (anus).
• The exact cause: unknown
• The condition is linked to a problem
with the body's immune system
response.
• Normally, the immune system helps
protect the body, but with Crohn's
disease the immune system can't tell
The inflammation of Crohn's disease is nearly
the difference between normal body always found in the ileocecal region. The ileocecal
tissue and foreign substances. The region consists of the last few inches of the small
result is an overactive immune intestine (the ileum), which moves digesting food
response that leads to chronic to the beginning portion of the large intestine (the
cecum). However, Crohn's disease can occur
inflammation. This is called an anywhere along the digestive tract.
autoimmune disorder.
Pendarahan Small Intestine
Superior mesenteric
artery occlusion
• Frontal view of the
superior mesenteric
artery (SMA) and its
branches. The large
vessel (blue) beside the
SMA is the superior
mesenteric vein (SMV).
Large Intestine Bleeding
• Massive colonic bleeding
• Penyebab:
– Malformasi arteriovenous
colon asenden dan cecum
– IBD (ulcerative colitis, crohn
disease—mukosa intestine
rapuh—bleeding.
– Benign/malignan neoplasm
– Malformasi kongenital
(hemangioma/telengiektasia)
Assessment:
Urgen to emergent
History and risk factors:
• Sakit kritis, terutama akibat trauma berat, pembedahan,
penyakit CNS, burn
• Shock lama
• Organ failure
• Alkohol >>
• NSAIDs, steroid
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Penyakit saluran empedu, hati, pankreas
• Trauma tumpul/tajam
• Kanker dlm keluarga
• H. Pylori (>90% pasien dg ulkus duodenum, 70% ps dg gastric ulcer)
Manifestasi Klinis
• Bervariasi, tergantung pada:
– Banyaknya perdarahan
– Kecepatan perdarahan
– Efeknya pada KV dan sistem tbh lain
• Dewasa hilang 500 ml drh dlm 15 mnt, tidak menimbulkan gejala
bermakna
• Kehilangan 1000 ml dlm 15 mnt: takikardia, hipotensi, mual,
kelemahan, diaporesis
• Perdarahan masif jika >30% dari total vol darah, atau perdarahan
membutuhkan tranfusi 6 unit dlm 24 jam
• Hematemisis, melena
• Nyeri ringan-berat karena ulseratif dan erosi
• Hipovolemic shock dan penurunan cardiac output menghakibatkan
iskemia berbagai organ (otak, ginjal)—penurunan LoC dan output
urine
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Pada perdarahan aktif, tentukan
adanya shock:
• Tampak adanya perdarahan.
• Takikardia
• Auskultasi abd: bising usus hipoaktif
• Hipotensi
• Palpasi abd: epigastric tenderness;
• Akral dingin dan diaporetik teraba massa (indikasi tumor)
• Nadi perifer menurun • Jaundice
• CRT >2dtk • Vascular spider
• Pucat • Acites
• Sianosis • Hepatosplenomegali
• Gelisah • Digital rectal exam: utk mengetahui
• Confusion bekuan drh dlm feses
• Penurunan output urine • Stool melena
VS & Pengukuran Hemodinamik
• HR, BP indikator cepat status hipovolemik
• Sistolic BP <100 mmHg dg HR >100x/mnt pd ps yg
sebelumnya normal menandakan kekurangan vol
darah sekitar 20%/>
• Penurunan sistolik BP >10 mmHg atau
peningkatan HR 10x/mnt indikasi kehilangan
darah sedikitnya 1000 ml pada dewasa.
• Pengukuran hemodinamik: penurunan PAP & CO ,
penurunan SVR
• Peningkatan RR
Diagnostic study (1)
Diagnostic test: AGD:
• Hb, Ht serial (diawal Ht • Asidosis, penurunan pH dan
mendekati normal, kemudian
turun dramatis krn mobilisasi bicarbonat, hipoksemia
cairan ekstravaskuler ke • EKG: iskemia jantung krn
intravaskuler. hipoperfusi, depresi/inversi gel T
• Leukositosis pada jam-jam
berikutnya Esopagogastroduodenoscopy:
Pemeriksaan Kimia: • Akurat utk menentukan sumber
• Hipokloremia; hipokalemia; upper GI bleeding
peningkatan BUN • Dilakukan 12 jam setelah pasien
• Hiperglikemia ringan, kompensasi masuk
tbh thd stimulus stresful
• Kadar amonia meningkat pd ps dg
peny hati
Diagnostic study (2)
Proctosigmoidoscopy:
• Visualisasi melalui anus ke rectum dan colon sigmoid.
Dapat dilakukan pengambilan spesimen biopsi
Radiologi:
• X-ray abd: udara bebas dibawah diafragma—
perforasi; mengetahui status pulmo
Angiografi: jika perdarahan cepat dan diduga dari
arteri/vena besar. Dapat dilakukan terapeutic
embolisasi
Manajemen Kolaboratif
Pemberian cairan-elektrolit:
• 2 iv line berlubang besar (14/16)
• Resusitasi cairan cepat
• Kristaloid terlebih dahulu, selanjutnya dapat coloid atau produk darah
• Monitor kadar elektrolit, terutama pd ps dg peny hati/ginjal
Bantuan respiratori:
• Th/ oksigen—nasal canule/face mask
• Pulse oximetry monitoring
• Ventilasi mekanik jika hipoksemia persisten dan muncul tanda respiratory
failure
Bantuan nutrisi:
• Jika hemodinamik stabil, perlu dipertimbangkan pemberian nutrisi
• TPN bagi pasien yg NPO utk beberapa hari-minggu
• Enteral/oral feeding dimulai bila tidak ada lagi perdarahan GI & fungsi
bowel kebali baik
Cardiax Index (CI) Cardiac Out Put: Body Surface Area 2.5-4L/mnt/m2
Body Surface Area (BSA) ( [Height(cm) x Weight(kg) ]/ 3600 )½ • adult men: 1.9 m2
• adult women: 1.6 m2
• children (9 yo): 1.07 m2
• children (10 yo): 1.14 m2
• children (12-13 yo): 1.33 m2
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (PAP) 20-30/8-15 mmHg
Left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) SVI x (MAP-PAWP) x 0.136 40-75 g/m2/beat
Right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI) SVI x (MPAP-RAP) x 0.136 4-8 g/m2/beat
Wassalam