Topic 8 Salts

8.1 Salts

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Salts
Examples Of Salts Used In Daily Life
Salt exist naturally around us. We use salt in our food, things that we
used and others.

Baking Calcium
Calcium
Baking sulphate,
powder
powder or
or sulphate,
Table
Table salt,
salt, Marble,
Marble, CaSO
CaSO4 4 isis used
used
sodium
sodium
NaCl CaCO as
NaCl CaCO3 3 bicarbonate,
bicarbonate, as plaster
plaster toto
NaHCO support
support broken
broken
NaHCO3 3 bones
bones

Ammonium
Ammonium Silver
Silver bromide,
bromide,
phosphate, AgBr
phosphate, AgBr is used
is used toto
(NH
(NH4)43)PO
PO4 4isisused make
3
used make filmfilm and
and
as
as fertilisers
fertilisers inin photography
photography
agriculture
agriculture paper
paper

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Garam
Contoh Garam Yang Digunakan Dalam Kehidupan Seharian
Garam wujud secara semula jadi di sekeliling kita. Kita menggunakan garam di
dalam makanan, barangan yang digunakan dan sebagainya .

Kalsium
Kalsium sulfat,
sulfat,
Serbuk
Serbuk penaik
penaik CaSO
CaSO4 4
Marmar,
Marmar, atau natrium
atau natrium
Garam digunakan
digunakan
Garam biasa,
biasa, CaCO
CaCO3 bikarbonat,
bikarbonat, sebagai
NaCl
3
NaHCO sebagai plaster
plaster
NaCl NaHCO3 untuk
3
untuk
menyokong
menyokong
tulang
tulangpatah
patah

Ammonium
Ammonium fosfat, Argentum
(NH ) PO
fosfat, Argentum bromida,
bromida,
(NH4 43)3PO4 4 AgBr
AgBr digunakan
digunakan
digunakan
digunakan sebagai
sebagai untuk membuat
untuk membuat
baja dalam filem
baja
pertanian
dalam filem dan kertas
dan kertas
pertanian fotografi
fotografi

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Salts

The Meaning Of Salt

Salt is formed in neutralisation process. Salt consist of cation from base

that combines with anion from acid.

Cation from the base

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O

Anion from the acid

Thus, salt is defined as a compound produced when hydrogen ion, H+

from an acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion, NH4+.

Zn2+ ( NO )2 K+ NO 3
3


H+ NO 3


Cu2+ (NO 3 )2 NH4+ NO 3


ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Garam

Garam

Garam terbentuk dalam proses peneutralan. Garam mengandungi kation

daripada bes yang bergabung dengan anion daripada asid.

Kation daripada bes

HCl (ak) + NaOH (ak) → NaCl (ak) + H2O

Anion daripada asid

Oleh itu, garam ditakrifkan sebagai sebatian yang terhasil apabila ion
hidrogen H+ daripada asid digantikan oleh ion logam atau ion
ammonium, NH4+.

Zn2+ ( NO )2 K+ NO 3
3


H+ NO 3


Cu2+ (NO 3 )2 NH4+ NO 3


ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Salts
Soluble And Insoluble Salt
Salts can be classified according to its solubility in water. Some are soluble in
water and some are insoluble in water.

Soluble Salts Insoluble

All nitrate salts Nitrate salts No nitrate salts are insoluble

Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

Potassium carbonate, K2CO3 Carbonate salts All other carbonate salts
Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3

All chloride salts except some • Silver chloride, AgCl

Chloride salts • Lead (II) chloride, PbCl2
chloride salt

• Lead (II) sulphate, PbSO4

All sulphate salts except some Sulphate salts • Calcium sulphate, CaSO4
sulphate salts
• Barium sulphate, BaSO4

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Garam
Garam Larut Dan Garam Tak Larut
Garam boleh dikelaskan mengikut keterlarutannya dalam air. Sesetengah garam
larut dalam air dan sesetengah tidak larut.

Larut Garam Tak Larut

Tiada garam nitrat yang tidak

Semua garam nitrat Garam nitrat
larut

Natrium karbonat, Na2CO3

Semua garam karbonat yang
Kalium karbonat, K2CO3 Garam karbonat
lain
Ammonium karbonat, (NH4)2CO3

• Argentum klorida, AgCl

Semua garam klorida kecuali • Plumbum (II) klorida,
Garam klorida
beberapa garam klorida PbCl2

• Plumbum (II) sulfat,

Semua garam sulfat kecuali PbSO4
Garam sulfat
sesetengah garam sulfat • Kalsium sulfat, CaSO4
• Barium sulfat, BaSO4

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Salts

Preparation Of Soluble Salts

Method • Sodium salts Method

Other salt • Potassium salts
• Ammonium salts

Acid+ Metal Oxide →Salt + Water

Neutralisation
Acid+ Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
Acid+ Alkali → Salt + Water
Acid+ Metal carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon
dioxide

Soluble salts are not pure and contain impurities. They are purified through
recrystallisation process.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Garam

Penyediaan Garam Larut

Kaedah • Garam natrium Kaedah

Garam lain • Garam kalium
• Garam ammonium

Asid+ Oksida logam →Garam + Air

Peneutralan
Asid+ Logam → Garam + Gas hidrogen
Asid+ Alkali → Garam + Air
Asid+ Karbonat logam → Garam + Air + Karbon
dioksida

Garam larut tidak tulen dan mengandungi bendasing. Ia akan ditulenkan

melalui proses penghabluran.

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Salts

Physical Characteristics Of Crystal

Crystal of sodium Crystal of potassium Crystal of copper (II)

chloride dichromate sulphate

• Crystals have flat surfaces, sharp corners and straight sides.

• Crystals have different geometrical shapes such as cuboids, rhombic or

prism.

• Crystals have fixed angles between two neighbouring surfaces.

• Crystals of the same substance have same shape but different in sizes.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Garam

Sifat Fizik Hablur

Hablur natrium klorida Hablur kalium dikromat Hablur kuprum (II)

sulfat

• Hablur mempunyai permukaan yang rata, bucu tajam dan sisi lurus.

• Hablur mempunyai bentuk geometri yang berbeza seperti kuboid, jarum

atau kepingan.

• Hablur mempunyai sudut tetap diantara dua permukaan bersebelahan.

• Hablur bahan yang sama mempunyai bentuk yang sama tetapi saiz yang
berbeza.

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Salts

Preparation Of Insoluble Salts

• Insoluble salts are ionic compounds consist of cations and anions. Example:
Lead (II) iodide consists of Pb2+ ions (cation) and I- ions (anion).

• Insoluble salts are prepared through precipitation reaction where two different
aqueous solution containing ions of insoluble salt are mixed together.

Aqueous solution Aqueous solution Insoluble salt obtained

+ containing anions through filtration
containing cations

• Examples: Lead (II) sulphate

Pb (NO3) (aq) + Na2 SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

• Calcium carbonate
Ca Cl2 (aq) + Na CO3 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Garam

Penyediaan Garam Tak Larut

• Garam tak larut merupakan sebatian ionik yang mengandungi kation dan anion.
Contoh: Plumbum (II) iodida mengandungi ion Pb2+ (kation) dan ion I- (anion).

• Garam tak larut disediakan melalui tindak balas pemendakan di mana dua
larutan akueus berbeza yang mengandungi ion garam tak larut dicampur
bersama.

Larutan akues Garam tak larut

Larutan akues
+ mengandungi anion diperolehi melalui
mengandungi kation
penapisan

• Contoh: Plumbum (II) sulfat

Pb (NO3) (ak) + Na2 SO4 (ak) → PbSO4 (p) + 2NaNO3 (ak)

• Kalsium karbonat
Ca Cl2 (ak) + Na CO3 (ak) → CaCO3 (p) + 2NaCl (ak)

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Salts

Chemical And Ionic Equations

• Steps in writing an ionic equation from a chemical equation.

Example: The formation of precipitate of barium sulphate, BaSO4

• Step 1 : Write down the chemical equation

BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (aq) + 2 NaCl (aq)

• Step 2 : Write down all the ions of reactants and products in aqueous state
BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (aq) + 2 NaCl (aq)
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) +SO42 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl- (aq)
-

• Step 3: Cancel the ions that do not take part in the reaction. The ionic
equation for the formation of barium sulphate, BaSO44:
Ba2+ (aq) + SO42 (aq) → BaSO4 (s)
-

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Garam

Persamaan Kimia Dan Ion

• Langkah-langkah dalam menulis persamaan ion daripada persamaan kimia.

Contoh: Pembentukan mendakan barium sulfat, BaSO4

• Langkah 1 : Tulis persamaan kimia

BaCl2 (ak) + Na2SO4 (ak) → BaSO4 (ak) + 2 NaCl (ak)

• Langkah 2 : Tulis semua ion bahan tindak balas dan hasil dalam keadaan akues.
BaCl2 (ak) + Na2SO4 (ak) → BaSO4 (ak) + 2 NaCl (ak)
Ba2+(ak) + 2Cl-(ak) + 2Na+(ak) + SO42 (ak) → BaSO4 (p) + 2Na+(ak) + 2Cl- (ak)
-

• Langkah 3: Potong ion yang tidak mengambil bahagian dalam tindak balas.
Persamaan ion bagi pembentukan barium sulfat, BaSO44:
Ba2+ (ak) + SO42 (ak) → BaSO4 (p)
-

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Salts
Constructing Ionic Equations Using The
Continuous Variation Method

The ionic equation for the formation of insoluble salt can be constructed through the
continuous variation method.

The methods in the continuous variation method:

• Determine mole ratio of cations A that reacts completely with anions B.

Example: x mol of cations A react completely with y mol of anions B.

• Determine empirical formula of the insoluble salt.

Example: x mol of cations A react completely with y mol of anions B to
form Ax By insoluble salt.

• Thus, the ionic equation is :

x (ion A) + y (ion B)  Ax By

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Garam

Membina Persamaan Ion Menggunakan Kaedah

Perubahan Berterusan

Persamaan ion dalam pembentukan garam tak larut boleh dibina melalui kaedah
perubahan berterusan.

Kaedah dalam kaedah perubahan berterusan adalah:

• Tentukan nisbah mol kation A yang bertindak balas selengkapnya dengan

anion B.
Contoh: x mol kation A bertindak balas sepenuhnya dengan y mol anion B.

• Tentukan formula empirik bagi garam tak larut.

Contoh: x mol kation A bertindak balas sepenuhnya dengan y mol
anion B untuk membentuk garam tak larut Ax By.

• Oleh itu, persamaan ion adalah:

x (ion A) + y (ion B)  Ax By

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Salts

Numerical Problems Involving Stoichiometric

Reactions In The Preparation Of Salts
In preparation of insoluble salt, 4.25 g of silver nitrate, AgNO 3 react with zinc chloride,
ZnCl2 to produce silver chloride. Calculate the mass of zinc chloride, ZnCl 2 used in
this reaction.
[Relative atomic mass: N, 14; O, 16; Cl, 3.5; Zn, 65; Ag, 108]
Solution
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
ZnCl2 (aq) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) 2 AgCl (s) + Zn(NO3)2 (aq)

2. Calculate the number of moles of AgNO3.

Number of moles of AgNO3 = 4.25  0.025mol
170
3. Compare the mole ratio of ZnCl2 and AgNO3.
1 mol ZnCl2 react with 2 mol AgNO3
Therefore, number of moles of ZnCl2 = 0.025 mol  0.0125mol
2
4. Calculate the mass of ZnCl2
Mass of ZnCl2 = Number of moles x Relative atomic mass

= 0.0125 mol × 136

= 1.7 g

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Garam

Masalah Kuantitatif Melibatkan Tindak Balas

Stoikiometri Dalam Penyediaan Garam
Dalam penyediaan garam tak larut, 4.25 g argentum nitrat, AgNO 3 bertindak balas
dengan zink klorida ZnCl2, untuk menghasilkan argentum klorida. Hitung jisim zink
klorida, ZnCl2 menggunakan tindak balas ini.
[Jisim Atom Relatif : N, 14; O, 16; Cl, 3.5; Zn, 65; Ag, 108]
Penyelesaian
1. Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang untuk tindak balas tersebut.
ZnCl2 (ak) + 2 AgNO3 (ak) 2 AgCl (p) + Zn(NO3)2 (ak)

2. Hitung bilangan mol AgNO3.

Bilangan mol AgNO3 = 4.25  0.025mol
170
3. Bandingkan nisbah mol ZnCl2 dan AgNO3.
1 mol ZnCl2 bertindak balas dengan 2 mol AgNO3
Oleh itu, bilangan mol ZnCl2 = 0.025 mol  0.0125mol
2
4. Hitung jisim ZnCl2.

Jisim ZnCl2 = Bilangan mol x Jisim atom relatif

= 0.0125 mol × 136
= 1.7 g

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts

8.2 Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Qualitative
QualitativeAnalysis
AnalysisOf
Of
Salts
Salts

Is used to determine the Steps to be taken in

substances present in a identifying anions and
compound. cations present in salts
are:

Observation
Confirmatory
on the Test for
Action of heat test for
physical cations and
on salts cations and
properties of anions
anions
salts

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Analisis
AnalisisKualitatif
Kualitatif
Garam
Garam

Langkah yang perlu

Digunakan untuk
diambil dalam mengenal
menentukan identiti
pasti anion dan kation
sesuatu bahan dalam
dalam suatu garam
sebatian.
adalah:

Ujian
Pemerhatian Tindakan Ujian bagi
pengesahan
ke atas sifat haba ke atas kation dan
bagi anion
fizik garam garam anion
dan kation

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Qualitative Analysis Of Salts
Observations On The Physical Properties Of Salts

The physical properties of salts that need to be observed are:

• Physical state • Colour • Solubility in water

Colour of solid and solution of salts:

Colour
Cations / anions / salt
Solid Aqueous solution
Salts of Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+,Pb2+ White Colourless
Yellow when hot
ZnO Insoluble
White when cooled
Copper (II) salts,
• CuCO3, •Green • Insoluble
•Blue • Blue
• CuSO4, Cu (NO3)2 •Black • Insoluble
• CuO
Ferum (II) salts,
FeSO4, Fe (NO3)2, FeCl2 Green Green

Ferum (III) salts, Yellow/ brownish-yellow/

Fe2 (SO4)3, Fe (NO3)3, FeCl3
Brown
Brown
Brown when hot
PbO Insoluble
Yellow when cooled

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Analisis Kualitatif Garam
Pemerhatian Ke Atas Sifat Fizik Garam

Sifat fizikal garam yang perlu diperhatikan adalah:

• Keadaan fizik • Warna • Keterlarutan dalam air

Warna Pepejal Dan Larutan Garam:

Warna
Kation / anion / garam
Pepejal Larutan akues
Garam bagi Ca2+, Mg2+,
Putih Tidak berwarna
Al3+,Pb2+
Kuning apabila panas
ZnO Tak larut
Putih apabila sejuk
Garam kuprum (II),
• CuCO3, •Hijau • Tak larut
•Biru • Biru
• CuSO4, Cu (NO3)2 •Hitam • Tak larut
• CuO
Garam ferum (II),
FeSO4, Fe (NO3)2, FeCl2
Hijau Hijau

Garam ferum (III), Kuning/ Kuning

Fe2 (SO4)3, Fe (NO3)3, FeCl3
Perang
keperangan/ Perang
Perang apabila panas,
PbO Tak larut
kuning apabila sejuk

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Test For Gases

• Salts may produce certain gases in reactions carried out during laboratory
test on salts.

• The gas evolved may be identified by:

• Observation of the colour

• Test with moist blue and red litmus paper

• Test with lime water

• Test with a glowing wooden splinter

• Test with KMnO4 solution

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Ujian Gas

• Garam mungkin menghasilkan gas tertentu dalam tindak balas yang

dijalankan ke atas garam sewaktu ujikaji di dalam makmal.

• Gas yang dibebaskan mungkin boleh dikenali dengan:

• Memerhatikan warnanya

• Diuji menggunakan kertas litmus biru lembap dan kertas litmus

merah lembap

• Diuji dengan air kapur

• Diuji menggunakan kayu uji berbara

• Diuji dengan larutan KMnO4

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Inference On The Type Of Salt Based On The Gas

Gas released Salt

O2 KNO3 and NaNO3

All carbonate salts except K2CO3 and

CO2
Na2CO3

All nitrate salts except KNO3 and

NO2 and O2
NaNO3

NH3 Ammonium salt

SO2 Several SO42- salts

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Inferens Ke Atas Jenis Garam Berdasarkan Gas Yang Dibebaskan

Gas yang terbebas Garam

O2 KNO3 dan NaNO3

Semua garam karbonat kecuali

CO2
K2CO3 dan Na2CO3

Semua garam nitrat kecuali KNO3

NO2 dan O2
dan NaNO3

NH3 Garam ammonium

SO2 Beberapa garam SO42-

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Action Of Heat On Salts

Salts will decompose when heated. It may result in a colour change or

evolution of gas or water vapour.

Effect
Effectof
ofheat
heaton
onsalts
salts

Carbonate salts Nitrate salts

 Decompose when heated

 Decompose when heated to and release O2 gas.
release CO2 gas. Except  However, group 1 nitrate,
Na2CO3 and K2CO3 NO3- salts only form NO2- salt
and O2.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Tindakan Haba Ke Atas Garam

Garam akan terurai apabila dipanaskan. Ini menyebabkan garam

mengalami perubahan warna, perwapan air dan perubahan gas.

Tindakan
TindakanHaba
HabaKe
KeAtas
AtasGaram
Garam

Garam karbonat Garam nitrat

 Terurai apabila dipanaskan

dan membebaskan gas O2.
 Terurai apabila dipanaskan
untuk membebaskan gas
 Walaubagaimanapun, untuk
CO2. Kecuali Na2CO3 dan
kumpulan 1 nitrat, garam
K2CO3. NO3- hanya membentuk
garam NO2- dan O2.

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Qualitative Analysis Of Salts
Test For Anions

Carbonate ions, CO32, chloride ions, Cl-, sulphate ions, SO 42 and nitrate ions, NO 3
- -

are tested in qualitative analysis through various chemical test.

Anion Carbonate ion, Chloride ion, Sulphate ion, Nitrate ion,

Test CO 2-
Cl- SO 2- NO 3
3 4

Effervescence.
Dilute hydrochloric Gas released
No change No change No change
acid turns lime water
cloudy
Dilute hydrochloric
acid + Barium No precipitate No precipitate White precipitate No precipitate
chloride solution
Dilute nitric acid +
No precipitate White precipitate No precipitate No precipitate
silver nitrate solution
Dilute sulphuric acid +
Iron (II) sulphate
solution + No change No change No change Brown ring
concentrated
sulphuric acid

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Ujian Bagi Anion

Ion karbonat, CO32 , ion klorida, Cl-, ion sulfat, SO42 , dan ion nitrat, NO 3 ,diuji dalam
- -

analisis kualitatif melalui pelbagai ujian kimia.

Anion Ion karbonat, Ion klorida, Ion sulfat, Ion nitrat,

Ujian CO 2-
Cl- SO 2-
NO 3
3 4

Pembuakan. Gas
yang terbebas
Asid hidroklorik cair Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan
menjadikan air
kapur keruh
Asid hidroklorik cair
+ larutan barium Tiada mendakan Tiada mendakan Mendakan putih Tiada mendakan
klorida
Asid nitrik cair +
larutan argentum Tiada mendakan Mendakan putih Tiada mendakan Tiada mendakan
nitrat

Asid sulfurik cair +

larutan ferum (II) Gelang perang
Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan Tiada perubahan
sulfat + asid sulfurik terbentuk
pekat

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Test
TestFor
ForCations-
Cations-Sodium
SodiumHydroxide
HydroxideSolution
Solution

Aqueous cation solution

+
Sodium hydroxide solution in excess

NH4+ Zn2+ / Al3+ /

Mg2+ / Ca2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+
Pb2+

White White Blue Green Brown

precipitate precipitate precipitate precipitate precipitate
No
insoluble in soluble in insoluble in insoluble in insoluble in
precipitate
NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH
solution solution solution solution solution

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Ujian
UjianBagi
BagiKation-
Kation-Larutan
LarutanNatrium
NatriumHidroksida
Hidroksida

Larutan akues kation +

Lebihan larutan natrium hidroksida

NH4+ Zn2+ / Al3+ /

Mg2+ / Ca2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+
Pb2+

Mendakan Mendakan Mendakan Mendakan Mendakan

putih tidak putih larut biru tidak hijau tidak perang tidak
Tiada
larut dalam dalam larut dalam larut dalam larut dalam
mendakan
larutan larutan larutan larutan larutan
NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Test
TestFor
ForCations-
Cations-Ammonia
AmmoniaSolution
Solution

Aqueous cation solution

+
Ammonia solution

NH4+ / Ca2+ Mg2+ /Al3+ /

Zn2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+
Pb2+

Blue
precipitate
White White Green Brown
soluble in
precipitate precipitate precipitate precipitate
ammonia
No reaction insoluble in soluble in insoluble in insoluble in
solution to
ammonia ammonia ammonia ammonia
form a dark-
solution solution solution solution
blue
solution

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Ujian
UjianBagi
BagiKation-
Kation-Larutan
LarutanAmmonia
Ammonia

Larutan Akueus Kation

+
Larutan Ammonia

NH4+ / Ca2+ Mg2+ /Al3+ /

Zn2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+
Pb2+

Mendakan
biru larut
Mendakan Mendakan Mendakan Mendakan
dalam
putih tidak putih larut hijau tidak perang tidak
Tiada tindak larutan
larut dalam dalam larut dalam larut dalam
balas ammonia
larutan larutan larutan larutan
membentuk
ammonia ammonia ammonia ammonia
larutan biru
gelap

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

 Topic 8 Salts
Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

Confirmatory
ConfirmatoryTest
Test For
ForFe
Fe
2+
,Fe
2+
,Fe
3+
,Pb
3+
,Pb 2+and
2+
and

NH 4 ions
ions


Pb2+ Fe2+ Fe2+ NH 4
Add Add
acidified Add
Confirmatory test potassium
potassium potassium
iodide Add Nessler
manganate, thiocyanate,
solution and reagent
KMn04 KSCN
heat the
solution
solution solution

Yellow
Observation precipitate
formed. The Purple
Blood red Brown
precipitate colour
solution is precipitate
dissolves in solution is
formed is formed
the solution bleached
when
heated

ITeach – Chemistry Form 4

 Topik 8 Garam
Analisis Kualitatif Garam

Ujian
UjianPengesahan
PengesahanBagi
BagiIon
IonFeFe2+,Fe
2+
,Fe3+,Pb
3+ 2+
,Pb2+

dan
danIon
Ion NH 4


Pb2+ Fe2+ Fe2+ NH 4
Tambah Tambah
larutan Tambah
Ujian pengesahan larutan
kalium larutan Tambah
kalium
manganat, kalium reagen
iodida dan
KMn04 tiosianat, Nessler
panaskan
KSCN
larutan berasid

Mendakan
Pemerhatian kuning
terbentuk.
Larutan
Mendakan Warna ungu Mendakan
merah
terlarut larutan perang
darah
dalam dilunturkan terbentuk
terbentuk
larutan
apabila
dipanaskan

ITeach – Kimia Tingkatan 4

The End

i - Teach