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    EER Model: Enhance Entity Relationship Model

    Uploaded by

    Haroon Khalid
    The document discusses generalization, specialization, superclass, and subclass relationships in entity relationship modeling. It defines generalization as forming a higher entity by identifying commonalities between lower entities. Specialization splits a higher entity into lower entities by discovering differences. A superclass can have one or more subclasses that inherit its properties. Specialization maximizes differences while generalization minimizes them. The document provides examples and constraints of these relationships.

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    EER Model: Enhance Entity Relationship Model

    Uploaded by

    Haroon Khalid
    219 views12 pages
    The document discusses generalization, specialization, superclass, and subclass relationships in entity relationship modeling. It defines generalization as forming a higher entity by identifying commonalities between lower entities. Specialization splits a higher entity into lower entities by discovering differences. A superclass can have one or more subclasses that inherit its properties. Specialization maximizes differences while generalization minimizes them. The document provides examples and constraints of these relationships.

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    Entity relationship model

    Original Title

    EER Model

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    The document discusses generalization, specialization, superclass, and subclass relationships in entity relationship modeling. It defines generalization as forming a higher entity by identifying commonalities between lower entities. Specialization splits a higher entity into lower entities by discovering differences. A superclass can have one or more subclasses that inherit its properties. Specialization maximizes differences while generalization minimizes them. The document provides examples and constraints of these relationships.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    219 views12 pages

    EER Model: Enhance Entity Relationship Model

    Uploaded by

    Haroon Khalid
    The document discusses generalization, specialization, superclass, and subclass relationships in entity relationship modeling. It defines generalization as forming a higher entity by identifying commonalities between lower entities. Specialization splits a higher entity into lower entities by discovering differences. A superclass can have one or more subclasses that inherit its properties. Specialization maximizes differences while generalization minimizes them. The document provides examples and constraints of these relationships.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    EER Model

    Enhance Entity Relationship Model


    Specialization/Generalization
    Generalization and Specialization both the terms are more common in Object Oriented
    Technology, and they are also used in the Database with the same features.
    Generalization occurs when we ignore the differences and acknowledge the similarities
    between lower entities or child classes or relations to form a higher entity.
    However, when we moved on to the specialization, it spilt a higher entity to form lower
    entities, then we discover the differences between those lower entities.
    Generalization
    Generalization is the process of generalizing the entities which contain the properties of
    all the generalized entities.
    It is a bottom approach, in which two lower level entities combine to form a higher level
    entity.
    Generalization is the reverse process of Specialization.
    It defines a general entity type from a set of specialized entity type.
    It minimizes the difference between the entities by identifying the common features.
    For example:
    In the above example, Tiger, Lion, Elephant can all be generalized as Animals.
    Specialization
    • Specialization is a process that defines a group entities which is divided into sub groups
    based on their characteristic.
    • It is a top down approach, in which one higher entity can be broken down into two lower
    level entity.
    • It maximizes the difference between the members of an entity by identifying the unique
    characteristic or attributes of each member.
    • It defines one or more sub class for the super class and also forms the
    superclass/subclass relationship.
    Example
    In the above example, Employee can be specialized as Developer or Tester, based on what
    role they play in an Organization.
    Superclass
    • Super class is an entity type that has a relationship with one or more
    subtypes.
    • An entity cannot exist in database merely by being member of any
    super class.
    For example: Shape super class is having sub groups as Square, Circle,
    Triangle.
    Subclass
    • Sub class is a group of entities with unique attributes.
    • Sub class inherits properties and attributes from its super class.
    For example: Square, Circle, Triangle are the sub class of Shape super
    class.
    Superclass and Subclass Relationship
    • Member of Subclass also member of superclass.
    • The relationship between a superclass and a subclass is one-to-one
    (1:1) and is called a superclass/subclass relationship.
    Specialization Process and Generalization
    Process
    Specialization Process
    • The process of maximizing the differences between members of an
    entity by identifying their distinguishing characteristics.
    Generalization Process
    • The process of minimizing the differences between entities by
    identifying their common characteristics
    Constraints of Specialization & Generalization
    There are two constraints of Specialization and Generalization
    Constraints.
    i. Participation Constraints
    ii. Disjoint Constraints
    Participation Constraints
    • Determines whether every member in the superclass must participate
    as a member of a subclass.
    Disjoint Constraints
    Describes the relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates
    whether it is possible for a member of a superclass to be a member of one,
    or more than one, subclass.
    It depends on AND/OR
    OR
    One Row in a subclass can occur, Nor More then one can occur
    AND
    More then one row may occur in Subclass.
    1. Mandatory, OR
    2. Mandatory, AND
    3. Optional, AND
    4. Optional, OR
    Aggregation and Composition
    Aggregation
    Represents a ‘has-a’ or ‘is-part-of’ relationship between entity
    types, where one represents the ‘whole’ and the other the ‘part’.
    Composition
    A specific form of aggregation that represents an association
    between entities, where there is a strong ownership and coincidental
    lifetime between the ‘whole’ and the ‘part’.

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