THE

THE SPANISH
SPANISH
AMERICAN
AMERICAN WAR
WAR

FILIPINO -AMERICAN
WAR
 The Cuban revolution against the
Spaniards broke out in 1895. The
United States supported the Cubans
because the latter’s liberation
from Spain would benefit their
trading interests.
 On February 15, 1898, the
warship Maine of the Americans was
blown up in the Port of Havana.
 On May 1,
1898, the fleet
of Commodore
George Dewey
destroyed the
Spanish fleet led
by Admiral
Montojo.
 On May 17, 1898, Emilio
Aguinaldo left Hong Kong aboard the
US ship McCulloch.
 Although he was assured by Dewey
that the US had no plans to
colonize the Philippines, unknown
to him, US forged an agreement with
General Fermin Jaudines where:
1. A mock battle between the
Spaniards and the Americans
would be conducted.
2. The Spaniards would surrender to
the American troops.
3. The Filipinos would not be
allowed to participate in the
Spaniards’ surrender.
MOCK
MOCK BATTLE
BATTLE IN
IN
MANILA:
MANILA:
It began on August 13, 1897 at
around 9:30 am by the bombing of
Olympia in Fort San Antonio Abad.
MOCK
MOCK BATTLE
BATTLE IN
IN
MANILA:
MANILA:
After an hour, General Francis
V. Greene’s forces attacked from
Malate. General Arthur MacArthur
troops advanced from Singalong.
MOCK
MOCK BATTLE
BATTLE IN
IN
MANILA:
MANILA:
By 11:20AM, the Spaniards waved
their flag (white flag) of
surrender.
IMPORTANT EVENTS
1. PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE
 On July 12, 1898, Philippine
independence was declared in Kawit,
Cavite.
 It was the first time, the
Philippine flag made in Hongkong by
Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo was
unfurled, while the “Marcha
Nacional Filipina”, a composition
of Juan Felipe, was playing.
 The Declaration of Independence
was written and read by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista.
2. REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT
On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo
issued a decree establishing the
Revolutionary Government.
 The decree created four agencies
of the government:
1.Department of Foreign Relations, Navy and
Commerce
2.Department of War and Public Works
3.Department of Police and Internal Order,
Justice, Education and Hygiene
4.Department of Finance, Agriculture and
Manufacturing Industry
 It also created the Congress
which was tasked to look after the
people’s interests, implement the
revolutionary laws, uphold
agreements and debts, study and
affirm the reports of the Secretary
of Finance and new taxes.
3.
3. THE
THE MALOLOS
MALOLOS CONGRESS
CONGRESS

On September 15, 1898, Aguinaldo

opened the Congress at the
Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan.
 In the afternoon, the Congress
proceeded to elect its officers,
namely:
President- Pedro A. Paterno
Vice President- Benito Legarda
First Secretary- Gregorio Araneta
Second Secretary- Pablo Ocampo
 The first significant act of the
Congress was the ratification, on
September 29, of the independence
proclaimed at Kawit on June 12.
3. MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

On January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo

proclaimed the Malolos
Constitution. It was drafted by the
Constitutional committee created by
the Congress.
 It created a state with the
government divided into three
branches: executive, legislative
and judicial. The legislative,
which was composed of the Assembly
of Representatives, was the most
powerful.
 The Constitution was also firm
on the following important
provisions:
- Separation of the church and
state
- Recognition of each other’s
situation
- Free public education at the
4. THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo

founded the Republic of the
Philippines. He was also the first
President of the Republic of the
Philippines.
 Most famous periodical that time
was La Independencia, edited and
partly owned by General Antonio
Luna. Its first number came out on
September 3, 1898.
5. TREATY OF PARIS
On December 10, 1898, the Treaty
of Paris was signed. It stated
that Spain would turn over the
Philippines to the United States in
exchange of $20,000,000.
 US would recognize the rights of
Spaniards to sell their goods in
the Philippines in the next ten
years.
 This anti-Filipino treaty proved
that US imperialists had never
recognized the Republic of the
Philippines.
The
The Peace
Peace Commission
Commission is
is composed
composed
of:
of:
FIVE SPANIARDS: FIVE AMERICANS:
•Eugenio Montero Ríos • William R. Day
•Buenaventura de Abarzuza • William P. Frye
•José de Garnica • Cushman Kellogg Davis
•Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa
• George Gray
•Urrutia Rafael Cerero • Whitelaw Reid
6.
6. MCKINLEY’S
MCKINLEY’S BENEVOLENT
BENEVOLENT
ASSIMILATION
ASSIMILATION
On December 21, 1898, President
McKinley made his benevolent
assimilation proclamation.
 He announced that the US would
enforce its sovereignty over the
Filipinos.
 He also ordered his military
chief in the Philippines to extend
US rule in the country.
 On January 4, 1899, General
Elwell Otis attempted to hide the
real contents of the “Benevolent
Assimilation” by publishing a
watered down version of the
proclamation.
 But General Miller, another
American Official, published the
proclamation’s original version.
 When the revolutionary
government had taken hold of the
proclamation, they immediately
condemned it.
 Antonio Luna, editor of La
Independencia, led in assailing the
proclamation.
 He called it “a plot to
temporarily silence the people
before launching and unleashing all
the hateful characteristics of
governance as employed by the
Spaniards in the Philippines.”
 On January 5, 1899, Aguinaldo
replied to the proclamation.
 Aguinaldo protested against the
“harsh US invasion over a part of
the territory of the Philippines”.
 In a revised proclamation on the
same day, Aguinaldo opposed “the US
intervention on the sovereignty of
the islands”.
 He warned that the Filipino
Government was prepared to fight
should the US troops attempt to
colonize the islands in the
Visayas.
 General Otis considered
Aguinaldo’s proclamations as
challenges to war. The Americans
silently prepared for a war
aggression.
7.
7. THE
THE OUTBREAK
OUTBREAK OF
OF THE
THE
FILIPINO-AMERICAN
FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
WAR
The flames of war were ignited
on the eve of February 4, 1899.
Private Willie Grayson’s group
patrolled at San Juan.
 Grayson fired at a Filipino
soldier, prompting an exchange of
fires between two groups.
Gen. MacArthur ordered to or
assault
the Filipino troops.
Aguinaldo to Otis: “I had not
ordered the Filipino soldiers to
fire” and “Armed fighting must be
8.
8. THE
THE HUNT
HUNT FOR
FOR AND
AND THE
THE
CAPTURE
CAPTURE OF
OF AGUINALDO
AGUINALDO
When the anticipated
reinforcement of the US troops
arrived, the aggressors intensified
the hunt for Aguinaldo.
 When General Luna died, a good
part of Filipino troops lost heart.
When Aguinaldo found this out,
he escaped, hid and chose difficult
area to assault.
 In order to capture not just
Aguinaldo, but the whole land, the
Americans made an extra effort to
use wealthy Filipino traitors.
Finally, Aguinaldo fell into the
hands of Americans, but the other
generals continued the struggles.
 US imperialism only managed to
colonize the Philippines after
thorough and merciless wars.
130,000 US troops ( seven
thousand were killed and wounded)
vs 7 M Filipinos (more than 50,000
were killed).
They used several methods of
cruelty: massacre, rape, zoning,
torture and concentration camps.
9. THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS
PASS
Aguinaldo’s rear guard
commander, General Gregorio del
Pilar, noted the advantageous
terrain of Pasong Tirad.
 Pasong Tirad was 4,500 feet high
and commanded a good view for miles
around. Del pilar ordered his sixty
men to build trenches on both
shoulders of the Pass where they
could see the movement of the enemy
below.
 On December 2, 1899, Major March
proceeded with his men, about 300
strong against Pasong Tirad.
Through Januario Galut, a
Christian Igorot, the Americans
found a secret trail to the top
that surprises Del Pilar and his
men.
 Del Pilar, wounded in the
shoulder, ordered his remaining men
to escape. Then he strove to escape
by a narrow trail but as he mounted
on his horse, Krag rifle rang out
felled him with a bullet that
passed through his neck.
THREE
THREE GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
UNDER
UNDER AMERICAN
AMERICAN
PERIOD
PERIOD
1. MILITARY
GOVERNMENT
(1898-1901) lasted only for
three (3) years during the period
of active warfare.
established on August 14, 1898.
General Wesley Merritt- 1st Military
Governor
General Elwell S. Ortis- 2nd
Military Governor
 The American troops went to a
war towards establishing the
military government in August 1898
in the Philippines.
The power of every Governor-
General who served under this
government came directly from the
President of the United States, as
the military’s Commander-in-Chief.
GREATEST
GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT
ACHIEVEMENT IN
IN THE
THE
PHILIPPINE
PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
(1)Pacification of the country
(2)Laying down of the foundation of
the civil regime
(3)Introduced the American School
system with soldiers as the
first teachers
(4) Organized civil courts
including Supreme Court - Cayetano
Arellano as the first Chief
Justice.
(5) Establishments of towns and
provinces under the control of
American troops.
^(6) May 7, 1899, First local
election under American flag was
(7) First Philippine Commission
(January 20, 1899), “Schurman
Commission”. Appointed by President
McKinley to make a survey of
Philippine conditions and to
achieve the peaceful extension of
American sovereignty over the
Philippines.
(8) Second Philippine Commission
(March 16, 1900), “Taft Commission”.
Appointed by President McKinley to
initiate some sort of civil
government in war-ravaged
Philippines.
(9) Movement for Peace
(10) June 21, 1990, General
MacArthur issued a general amnesty
(11) December 23, 1990, Federal
Party was established (First
Political Party in the Philippines)
(12) Spooner Amendment passed on
March 2, 1901 by the Congress of
the United States to the Army
Appropriation Act.
-authorized the President of the US
to proceed with the establishment
of a civil government in the
2.
2. CIVIL
CIVIL GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
• President William mckinley
- On march 16,1900, he appointed William taft to head
the second phil. Commission.
- He wanted to hasten the process to convert Military
gov’t to civil gov’t
- Taft’s commission was given legislative and executive
powers to achieve the president’s objective
Spooner
2. CIVILAmendment
GOVERNMENT
- ENDED THE MILITARY GOV’T OF US
- IT WAS SPONSORED BY SENATOR JOHN C.
SPOONER THAT ALLOWED us pres. William
mckinley to fully administer the Philippines
2.
CIVIL
CIVIL
GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
• Inaugurated in July 4, 1901
• Judge William H. Taft as the
First Civil Governor in the
Philippines
• “Philippines for the Filipinos”
• Composed of civilians rather than
soldiers
Filipinos who served
2. CIVIL GOVERNMENT for the
Civil Government
• Cayetano Arellano- first Filipino to hold
a high position of the government.
• - was the Chief of Justice of the Supreme
Court on May 28, 1899
• Gregorio Araneta- was the Secretary of
Justice and Finance
• Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda
and Jose Luzuriaga- members of the
Philippine commission
BANISHMENT OF THE PATRIOTS
• Filipinos were divided as regards
resistance or peace
• Some would side with America.
Some would resist.
• Americans decided to banish
Filipino leaders who refused to
collaborate with them.
• Apolinario Mabini, Artemio
Ricarte, Gen. Pio del Pilar, etc.
BANISHMENT OF THE PATRIOTS
• Filipinos were divided as regards
resistance or peace
• Some would side with America.
Some would resist.
• Americans decided to banish
Filipino leaders who refused to
collaborate with them.
• Apolinario Mabini, Artemio
Ricarte, Gen. Pio del Pilar, etc.
SEDITION LAW
• Enacted in 1901.
• Any forms of aggressive or
passive resistance to the
American rule in the Philippines
are forbidden.
• The scope of the law was not just
limited to the following: speech,
play, publications, etc.
• Any violation of this law will be
BRIGANDAGE ACT
• Enacted in 1902.
• It was enacted with the help of
the Philippine Commission.
• A law forbidding Filipinos to
establish a nationalist movement.
• Any forms of resistance against
the Americans will be branded as
a bandit or traitor.
FLAG LAW
• Enacted in 1907.
• This law forbids the display of
the Philippine Flag.
• In response, Gregorio Aglipay had
ahabit sewn in the design of the
Philippine Flag.
TAFT’S ADMINISTRATION
• “Philippines for the Filipinos”
• The sale of the huge tracts of
friar lands to Filipinos on
installment terms: 410,000
hectares
• English was declared the official
language
• 600 American teachers boarded USS
Thomas
THE PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
•1902
U.S Congress passed a law known
as Cooper Law.
• Guarantees Filipinos the right of
free speech, free press, and
freedom to petition for the
redress of grievances.
THE PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
1902
1. A bill rights for the Filipinos;
2. The appointment of two Filipino
resident commissioners to
represent the Phili[ppines in
the United States Congress but
without voting rights.
THE PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
1902
3. The establishment of a
Philippine Assembly to be
elected by the Filipinos two
years after the publication of a
census and only after peace had
been completely restored in the
country.
THE PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
1902
4. Retention of the Philippine
Commission as the upper house of
the legislature with the
Philippine assembly acting as a
lower house.
5. The conservation of the natural
resources of the Phili[ppines
for the Filipinos.
THE CONCENSUS OF 1903
• March 2, 1903 was declared as
Census Day. The first scientific
census ever to be taken in the
Philippines.
• It showed that the population of
the Philippines as March 2, 1903
was 7,635,426.
THE POLITICAL PARTIES
• Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera
founded the Federal Party whose
platform was based on the
annexation of the Philippines as
one of the states of United
States of America.
• Partido Nacionalista- to work for
immediate independence.
• Partido Nacional Progresista- to
THE ELECTION OF 1907
• The Filipinos could elect
delegates to the Philippine
Assembly two years after peace
and order had been [[proclaimed
in the country.
• In the election of July 30, 1907,
the people give their verdict;
they were in favor of immediate
independence.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE
•ASSEMBLY
The Philippine Assembly whichwas
to become the Lower House of the
Legislative body of the country,
and the Philip[pine Commission
being the Upper House, was
inaugurated in the Old Opera
House at Rizal Avenue on October
16, 1907
• Sergio Osmena- House of
PENSIONADO PROGRAM
• 1903, sent Filipino students to
the United States for higher
education as government scholars.
• After 4 years, they returned in
the Philippines as teachers,
lawyers, engineers, and mostly
civil servants in the
bureaucracy.
THE RESIDENT COMMISSIONERS
• The first resident commissioners
were Pablo Ocampo (1907-1909) and
Benito Legard (1907-1912).
• These commissioners worked for
laws that beneficial for the
Philippines.
THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
• 1901, the Department of Public
Instruction was established.
• At the same time, normal schools
and schools of arts and trade
were also established.
• American teachers called
“Thomasites” and teach Filipino
children the English Language.
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
• Not allowed to enroll in colleges
and universities.
• Thus, women studied to become
teachers, pharmacists, dentists,
lawyers, physicians, and
scientists.
• Women would also be granted the
right to vote and run for public
office by 1935.
3. COMMONWEALTH
GOVERNMENT
In 1933, the United States
congress passed the law of Hare-
Hawes-Cutting law but was turned
down.
The Tydings-Mcduffie law was
approved instead.
It stated,
(1)To build the Commonwealth
Government in order to prepare
the Filipinos in governing their
own country but have to wait 10
years before they will receive
full independency and,
(2)Laws that the Commonwealth
Government would implement
should be approve by the United
TRANSITION TO INDEPENDENCE: The
Commonwealth (November 15, 1935)
- preparatory step to the
establishment of the Philippine
Republic on
PRESIDENT (Manuel L. Quezon)
VICE PRESIDENT (Sergio Osmeña)
NATIONAL
NATIONAL DEFENSE
DEFENSE && NATIONAL
SECURITY
NATIONAL SECURITY

Commonwealth Act No. 1 (National

Defense Act) – enacted by National
Assembly.
– provided for Citizen’s Army.
 TWO COMPONENTS:
(1)Regular Force
(2)Reserve Force
General Douglas MacArthur
- retired Chief of Staff of
the US Army
- field Marshall of the
Philippine Army
SOCIAL
SOCIAL JUSTICE
JUSTICE PROGRAM
PROGRAM
-Justice for the common man.
“The promotion of social justice to
ensure the well-being & economic
security of all the people should
be concern of the state.”
-Constitution of
1935
 Two Important
Fronts, Reforms
instituted
 1. LABOR
Commonwealth Act No. 211 (Nov.
1936) established a minimum wage
for laborers employed in public
works projects and 8-hour labor
law.
Commonwealth Act No. 213 sought
to recognize, define, & regular
legitimate labor disputes and a
Court of Industrialized relations
2. TENACY
- land reform.
ORANIZATIONS FORMED
• National Rice & Corn Corporation
• National Sugar Board
• Agricultural & Industrial Bank
and Farmers’ Cooperative
• National Relief Administration
• Department of Labor
EDUCATION DURING THE
COMMONWEALTH
National Council of Education
(1936) - oversee the reform of the
educational system.
Provided adult education.
THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE

The National Assembly enacted

Commonwealth Act No. 184 on
November 13, 1936 establishing the
Institute of National Language
tasked to study the different
Philippine Languages.
November 9, 1937
- The INL recommended the adoption
of Tagalog as the basis of the
National Language.
December 30
- Quezon proclaimed the language
based on Tagalog as the Country’s
National Language
April 1940
- Quezon authorized the printing of
a dictionary and grammar prepared
by the Institute.
June 19, 1940
- The National Language was ordered
taught in all schools in the
Philippines.
 Commonwealth Act No. 570,
National Assembly declared that the
Tagalog-based National Language
would become one of the official
language of the country.