The Structure of Crystalline Solids
The Structure of Crystalline Solids
The Structure of Crystalline Solids
Crystalline Solids
Presented By
Asif Ali(697-FET/BSME/F17)
M. Ibrahim khan(699-FET/BSME/F17)
M. Farhan(701-FET/BSME/F17)
A. Rehman Shahzad(702-FET/BSME/F17)
Fakher Abbas(703-FET/BSME/F17)
Crystalline Material
A crystalline material is one in which the atoms are
situated in a repeating or periodic array over large atomic
distances.
APF of B.C.C
Crystal
Structure
Center and corner atoms
touch one another along cube
diagonals, and unit cell length a
and atomic radius R are
related through
a=4R/√3
The body-centered cubic (bcc)
has a coordination number of
8 and contains 2 atoms per
unit cell.
Hexagonal Close Packed
The hexagonal structure of alternating layers is shifted so its atoms
are aligned to the gaps of the preceding layer. The atoms from one
layer nest themselves in the empty space between the atoms of the
adjacent layer just like in the FCC structure. However, instead of
being a cubic structure, the pattern is hexagonal.
The HCP structure has three layers of atoms. In each the top and
bottom layer, there are six atoms that arrange themselves in the
shape of a hexagon and a seventh atom that sits in the middle of the
hexagon. The middle layer has three atoms nestle in the triangular
"grooves" of the top and bottom plane.
The coordination number of the atoms in this structure is 12. There
are six nearest neighbors in the same close packed layer, three in the
layer above and three in the layer below. The packing factor is 0.74,
which is the same as the FCC unit cell. The HCP structure is very
common for elemental metals and some examples include beryllium,
cadmium, magnesium, titanium, zinc and zirconium.
Hexagonal Close Packed
In hexagonal close
packing, layers of
spheres are packed
so that spheres in
alternating layers
overlie one another.
The hexagonal
closest packed (hcp)
has a coordination
number of 12 and
contains 6 atoms
per unit cell.
A knowledge of
the crystal
structure of a
metallic solid
permits
computation of its
theoretical
density through
the relationship
POLYMORPHISM AND
ALLOTROPY
iron system
Two or more distinct
crystal structures for the liquid
same material. 1538ºC
Allotropy-when found in -Fe
BCC
elemental solids.
1394ºC
, -Ti 912ºC
carbon BCC
-Fe
diamond, graphite
Lattice Parameters
The unit cell geometry is completely
defined in terms of six parameters: the
three edge lengths a, b, and c, and the three
interaxial angles α β and γ. These are
termed the lattice parameters of a
crystal structure.
Lattice Parameter Relationships and Figures Showing Unit
Cell
Geometries for the Seven Crystal Systems
Crystallographic Points,
Directions, and Planes
When dealing with crystalline materials, it often
becomes necessary to specify a particular point within a
unit cell, a crystallographic direction, or some
crystallographic plane of atoms.
The basis for determining index values is the unit cell,
with a right-handed coordinate system consisting of
three (x, y, and z) axes situated at one of the corners
and coinciding with the unit cell edges
For some crystal systems—namely, hexagonal,
rhombohedra, monoclinic, and triclinic—the three axes
are not mutually perpendicular, as in the familiar
Cartesian coordinate scheme.
Crystalline and
Noncrystalline Materials
Comparison
THE END