Introduction to SQL

Introduction to SQL
 A standard language used in most DBMS.

 Both as a DDL and DML language.

 DDL (Data Definition Language): define the schema
of the database.
 DML (Data Manipulation Language): provides
commands to manipulate the database (query, insert,
update, delete).

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 SQL Continued
 Based on relational algebra, but not entirely
identical.
 Relations  Tables
 Tuples  Rows
 Attributes  Columns

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 Basic DDL Commands in SQL
 CREATE: to define new tables (to define relation
schemas)
 DROP: to delete table definitions (to delete relation
schemas)
 ALTER: to change the definitions of existing tables (to
change relation schema)
 Other features as DDL
 Specify referential integrity constraints (FKs)
 Specify user-defined attributes constraints

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 Basic DML Commands in SQL
 INSERT: to add new rows to table
 UPDATE: to change the “state” (the value) of
rows.
 DELETE: to remove rows
 SELECT: a query command that uses relation
algebra like expressions

 Various options available to handle the

enforcement/violation of integrity constraints
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 Platforms of This Course
 Platform 1: MySQL
 Open source, free software
 Available on Windows and Linux.
 Easily installed on your own PC.
 Platform 2: Oracle 10g Enterprise Edition
 Available through IT&E labs
 Proprietary, popular DBMS
- Please see http://labs.ite.gmu.edu/reference/faq_oracle.htm for
details.

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 MySQL
 Open source and free
 Generally not as powerful as Oracle
 Still, it is an industrial strength package.
 Users include Amazon, NASA, Google, Yahoo …
 A commercial edition is also available (MySQL
Enterprise) --- You are paying for the services.

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 Installation on Windows
 Download the Essential Version of MySQL 5.0 from mysql.com
 Click on the .exe file to start installation.
 In Setup Type, Choose “Complete”

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Use Standard Configuration

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Install As Windows Service

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Set Root Password

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 Launch MySQL
 Use the Start menu to launch the
“MySQL Command Line Client”
 Enter the root password

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 The
COMPANY
Database

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Create the COMPANY Database
 To create
create datatbase COMPANY;
 To use (or switch to) the database
use COMPANY;

 Subsequent commands will operate on the

COMPANY database by default.

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 CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT (
Dname VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
Dnumber INTEGER Default 0,
Mgr_ssn CHAR(9),
Mgr_Sartdate CHAR(9),
PRIMARY KEY (Dnumber),
UNIQUE (Dname),
FOREIGN KEY (Mgr_ssn)
REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (Ssn));

 The “UNIQUE” clause specifies secondary keys.

 EMPLOYE)has to be created first for the FK Mgr_ssn
to refer to it.

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 Additional Data Types
 DATE:
 Made up of year-month-day in the format yyyy-mm-
dd
 TIME:
 Made up of hour:minute:second in the format
hh:mm:ss
 TIMESTAMP:
 Has both DATE and TIME components
 Decimal (i,j):
 i: total number of digits
 j: the number of digits after the decimal point
 Others: Boolean, Float, Double Precision
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 Adding the Dno FK to EMPLOYEE
 If “create table EMPLOYEE” is issued first, we
cannot specify Dno as a FK in that create
command.
 An ALTER command must be used to change the
schema of EMPLOYEE, after the “create table
DEPARTMENT,” to add a FK.

alter table EMPLOYEE

add constraint
foreign key (Dno)
references DEPARTMENT (Dnumber);
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 The Check Clause
 Used to specify user-defined constraints
 Assume that dept. numbers are from 0 to 99.
create table DEPARTMENT (
…
Dnumber INTEGER Default 0
check (Dnumber>=0 AND Dumber<=99),
…);
 “Check” can also be a clause of the entire table.
create table DEPARTMENT (
…
Dept_create_date date,
Mgr_start_date date,
check (Dept_create_date <= Mgr_start_date)
);

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 Add Columns to Existing Tables
 To add spouse SSN (S_ssn) to EMPLOYEE
alter table EMPLOYEE add column S_ssn char(9);
 The new attribute will have NULLs in all the tuples of the
relation right after the command is executed

 Alternatively, we can set a default value.

alter table EMPLOYEE add column S_ssn char(9)
default “000000000”;

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 Delete Columns from Existing
Tables
 To delete column S_ssn
alter table EMPLOYEE drop column S_ssn;

 Reminder: changing relation schemas typically

indicates ill-executed design phase of the
database.

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 Referential Integrity Options
 Causes of referential integrity violation for a
foreign key FK (consider the Mgr_ssn of
DEPARTMENT).
 On Delete: when deleting the foreign tuple
 What to do when deleting the manager tuple in
EMPLOYEE ?
 On Update: when updating the foreign tuple
 What to do when updating/changing the SSN of the
manager tuple in EMPLOYEE is changed ?
 Actions when the above two causes occur.
 Set Null: the Mgr_ssn is set to null.
 Set Default: the Mgr_ssn is set to the default
value.
 Cascade: the Mgr_ssn is updated accordingly
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 If the manager is deleted, the department is also deleted.
 The Mgr_ssn Example

CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT (

…
Mgr_ssn CHAR(9),
…
FOREIGN KEY (Mgr_ssn)
REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (Ssn)
ON DELETE ???
ON UPDATE ???
);

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 Another Example
Create table EMP(
…
ESSN CHAR(9),
DNO INTEGER DEFAULT 1,
SUPERSSN CHAR(9),
PRIMARY KEY (ESSN),
FOREIGN KEY (DNO) REFERENCES DEPT
ON DELETE SET DEFAULT
ON UPDATE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (SUPERSSN) REFERENCES EMP
ON DELETE SET NULL
ON UPDATE CASCADE);

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 Another Example
Create table EMP(
…
ESSN CHAR(9),
DNO INTEGER DEFAULT 1,
SUPERSSN CHAR(9),
PRIMARY KEY (ESSN),
FOREIGN KEY (DNO) REFERENCES DEPT
ON DELETE SET DEFAULT
ON UPDATE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (SUPERSSN) REFERENCES EMP
ON DELETE SET NULL
ON UPDATE CASCADE);

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 Miscellaneous Commands
 show databases;
 Show all the databases on the server
 show tables;
 Show all the tables of the present database
 show columns from table EMPLOYEE;
 drop table t_name;
 Delete the entire table t_name
 drop database db_name;
 Delete the entire database db_name
 load data infile f_name into table t_name;
 To be discussed with the next homework.
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