Hydropower-II

Major components (1)

Reservoir Dam Inlet water ways Power house Tailrace

 Major components (2)
1. Reservoir:

a. Includes catchment area and water reservoir

b. Purpose: to store water

c. Head race => water surface level of the reservoir

d. Reservoir can be natural or artificial (i.e. with dam)

2. Dam:

a. A structure of masonry and/or rock fill built across a river

b. Purpose: i) to provide head of water

ii) to create storage or pondage
 Major components (3)
3. Inlet water ways:

a. Passages through which is conveyed from dam to power house

b. Includes: Penstock/tunnel, spillways

c. Penstock => closed pressure pipes made

of reinforced concrete or steel

d. Tunnel => made by cutting mountains

e. Spillways => provide discharge of surplus water from

storage reservoir into river
 Major components (4)
4. Power House:

a. Building that houses turbines, generators and other auxiliaries

b. Typical hydro plant turbines:

* Pelton turbine => Impulse
* Francis turbine => Mainly reaction
* Kaplan turbine => Reaction

5. Tail race:

a. Passage for discharging

water leaving the turbine
 Performance
1. Important hydro turbine parameters:

Power Head Efficiency Specific speed Discharge

2. Power generated from hydro plant is given by:

P = Power
P  Q H Q = Rate of water flow
H = head
 = efficiency
3. Specific speed:

a. Speed of turbine when delivers 1

N P N = Turbine speed
horsepower under 1 meter head N s  5/ 4
H
b. Independent of shape and size of turbine

c. Helps in selecting suitable type of turbine

Hydro Turbines
Types of Hydropower Turbines

Types of Hydropower Turbines

Impulse turbine: Reaction turbine:

• Pelton • Propeller:
• Cross-flow - Bulb turbine
- Straflo
- Tube turbine
- Kaplan
• Francis
• Kinetic
 Reaction Turbines
 Derive power from pressure drop across turbine
 Totally immersed in water
 Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power
 Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
 Impulse Turbines
 Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets
 No pressure drop across turbines
 Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines
Pelton Turbines
 The Pelton turbines are used with high height jumps.

 The gravitational power energy of the water dammed becomes in kinetic

energy.

 The injector throws the high speed water to the blades that are glued to the
bun.

 The water spurt transmits its kinetic energy to the bun, where it is transformed
instantaneously into mechanical energy.

 These turbines are particularly suitable for exploiting plant conditions where
there is a low flow utilisation as compared with the water head. Situations
where reaction turbines would have excessive speed and would encounter
particularly serious problems such as cavitation.
 Pelton

High efficiency of 80-90%

 Entrance elbow
 Injector
 Regulator
 Bun
 Blades or spoons.
 Pelton turbines (low Ω)

 N Q 
 3 4
 ( gH )  rated

Usually:
• High H
• Small Q
KAPLAN TURBINES

 The turbines that take his name have revolutionized in these years the use of
jumps of little height.

 The Kaplan turbines are water reaction turbines of axial flow, with a bun that
works in similar way to the helix of a boat.

 The Kaplan turbine is a helix turbine in which the blades of the bun turn itself
when it is on, adjusting automatically according the work to the conditions of
optimal yield.

 These types of turbines are usually used in plants using low water heads,
frequently between 3 and 50 m.
Kaplan
 Kaplan turbines (high Ω)

Usually:
 N Q  • Low H
 3 4
 ( gH )  rated • Large Q
 Kaplan turbine
Electrical
generator

Blade angle can be

controlled

spiral
casing

Guide
vanes
runner
 Kaplan turbine

Double control

Guide-vane
control

Rotor-blade
control

Propeller turbine (small power plants)

Simple control: rotor blades are fixed

A variant of the Kaplan turbine: the horizontal axis
Bulb turbine
Used for very low heads, and in tidal
guide power plants
vanes

Tidal plant of La Rance,

France
FRANCIS TURBINES
 The Francis turbine is one of the reaction turbines

 The radial flow causes the turn of the runner

 This turbine is reversible

 Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows

 These types of turbines are suitable for a wide range of water heads, normally
from 10 to over 300 meters. This type of machine can also be used where the
water head varies, even with percentages exceeding 50% of nominal, for lake
level fluctuation or in an conduit due to the effect of the growing head losses
from capacity used.
 The capacity may also change and still keep a high level of working efficiency
and reliability. However, it is advisable not to go down to levels below 35-40%
of the designed machine values.
 Francis

Spiral
casing

Guide
runner
vanes
draft tube
CROSS FLOW TURBINES
 The standard models manufactured by have the following characteristics:
 Flow Range 20 L/s to 12,000 L/s
 Head range 10m to 150m
 The maximum power does not normally exceed 2,000 kW.
 Over a range of flows the average efficiency is 80%. However, at the design
flow and head, the maximum efficiency may be as high as 85%.
 These turbines can be manufactured with a vertical or horizontal inlet.
However, the shaft is always horizontal.
 Used in small hydropower plants.

 The water crosses twice (inwards

and outwards) the rotor blades.
 Cheap and versatile.

 Peak efficiency lower than for

conventional turbines.
 Favourable efficiency-flow curve.
Cross-flow turbine
Turbine-Generator
 RANGE OF STANDARD PRODUCTION

FRANCIS

KAPLAN

PELTON
CROSS FLOW
HYDEL POWER IN PAKISTAN
 Energy the lifeline of, industrial economic,
development and quality of life.
 Pakistan is the poorest of the poor as far as energy
consumption per capita is concerned.
 Pakistan ranks 25th in World Energy consumption
and 31s t in Electricity production.
 Per Capita electrical consumption per year of
Pakistan is 470kWh, of Malaysia 2,708 & of
Singapore 6,775 kWh
 Pakistan has developed 12% of total hydel
potentials, India has 30% & rich countries 75% of
hydel potential
 Hydel power supplies 715,000 MW or 19% of World
Electricity.
HYDROPOWER GENERATION
IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
POPULATION HYDEL GENERATION %AGE OF TOTAL
COUNTRY
(MILLION) (MW) GENERATION
AUSTRIA 8 11853 58.3
BRAZIL 187 83752 76.6
CANADA 33 72660 59
EGYPT 75 2793 12.5
FRANCE 61 25200 11.1
GERMANY 82 4525 4.4
INDIA 1100 37000 17.1
INDONESIA 226 4519 15
IRAN 70 7442 9
ITALY 59 17459 12.3
MORROCO 32 1500 6.8
NORWAY 5 29040 99
POLAND 38 839 1.3
SWITZERLAND 8 13356 55.2
TURKEY 74 13608 25.4
USA 250 78200 7
PAKISTAN 166 6464 33.4
Reference: The International Journal on Hydropower & Dams, 2008.
Energy and electricity situation in Pakistan
 Pakistan has been an energy-deficient country historically.
Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) per capita is far below
the world average and only a small faction of that for OECD
region and other developed countries, as shown in Fig 1.
A comparison of TPES(Total Primary Energy Supply) per capita
between Pakistan and other regions/countries
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

12000

USA, 12000
10000

SPAIN, 5800
8000

POLAND, 3434

TURKEY, 1906
6000
INDONESIA, 513

IRAN, 2099

UK, 1940
PAKISTAN, 571
MORROCO, 430
EGYPT, 900

4000
INDIA, 612

2000

0
Electricity Consumption kWh/Capta/Year

36
 Primary Commercial Energy Consumption of
Pakistan in year 2003-04
Total Primary Commercial Energy Consumption=51 million TOE
(Imported: 27.7)
Nuclear
Hydel 13% 1%
Oil
World
Average 30%
Coal
1.55
(Imported: 6%
3.6%)

0.3

Gas 50%
Pakistan

Per Capita Comm. Energy Consumption (TOE)

37
 When Pakistan got independence in 1947, it inherited only
60MW generation capacity for its 31.5 million people. The
pace of electric power infrastructure development gained
momentum by the year 1970 and within 5 years the installed
capacity rose from 636MW in 1970 to 1331MW in 1975, with
setting up of a number of hydro and thermal power units.
 In the year 1980, the system capacity touched 3000MW and
there after it rapidly grew to over 7000MW in 1990–1991.
 During the last decade and a half, the installed
capacity has more than doubled, with both thermal
and hydropower playing their part (Fig 2).
 The electricity generation capacity in the country has
risen to 19,547MW now, out of which 7707MW is
through Independent Power Producers (Table 1). The
addition of 1450MW capacity during 2001–2005
through the Ghazi Brotha hydropower project has
resulted in change in the hydro/thermal ratio from
0.40 in 2001 to 0.53 in 2006.
PRESENT INSTALLED CAPACITY IN PAKISTAN

Sr. Capacity %age of Total

Type
No. (MW) Capacity

1 WAPDA Hydro 6464 32.9

Thermal
2 6590 33.5
(GENCOs)
3 Thermal (IPPs) 6155 31.3

4 Nuclear (PAEC) 462 2.3

TOTAL: 19671
Ref: Power System Statistics, 32nd Issue, Planning (Power) Department (NTDC), WAPDA - Jan, 2008.
PRESENT INSTALLED CAPACITY IN PAKISTAN

Nuclear , 4 6 2 , 2 %

WAPDA Hydro
Thermal (GENCOs)
T her mal( I PPs) , 6 15 5 , 3 1. 3 % WAPDA Hydr o, 6 4 6 4 , 3 2 . 9 %
Thermal (IPPs)
Nuclear

T her mal( GENCOs) , 6 5 9 0 ,

33.4%

42
 OVERVIEW OF PAKISTAN POWER SECTOR
GENERATION PATTERN
Hydel
Oil 6489 MW
6497 MW (33%)
(34%)

Nuclear
452 MW
(2%)
Coal
Total 19403 MW Gas 150 MW
5815 MW (1%)
(30%)
RATIO OF HYDEL-THERMAL MIX PROJECTS IN
PAKISTAN
Sr. No. Year Hydel: Thermal Mix Remarks

1 1960 44:56
2 1970 50:50
Ideal for Economic
3 1980 58:42 Development of the
Country
4 1985 67:33
5 1990 45:55
6 2000 33:67
7 2005 37:63
8 2008 33:67
Future electricity demand

 The electricity demand is projected to grow with an annual

compound growth rate (ACGR) of 7.9% during the Medium
Term Development Framework 2005-2010 of the
Government of Pakistan, and increase from 15,500MW in
2005 to 21,500MW in 2010, as shown in Fig 3.
 Electric Power Demand (2007-2025)

120000

101478
100000

80000 72169
MW

60000
44903
35413
40000

22353
20000

17328
0
2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028
Hydropower development in Pakistan
 At the time of independence in 1947, the installed
hydropower capacity was only 10.70MW which comprised a
9.6MW station at Malakand in North-West Frontier
Province (NWFP) and a 1.1MW one at Renala in Punjab.
 With the implementation of the Indus Water Treaty of
1960, Pakistan embarked on the construction of two giant
earthrock dams at Mangla and Tarbela. Mangla and Tarbela
power stations, with 1000 and 3478MW installed
capacities, were the largest contributors to hydropower
generation before Ghazi Barotha (1450MW) came online in
2004. The growth of hydropower generation capacity is
graphically shown in Fig. 4.
 YEAR WISE HYDEL POWER INDUCTION

7000 6464
6174
6000
Figure 1: Year Wise Hydel Power Induction

5000 5014
4730
4198
4000
MW

3000 2902

2000
1599
1000
868
62
0
1952 1962 1972 1982 1992 2002
YEAR
51
 In Pakistan, the hydropower resources are mainly in
the north; the resources in the south being rare. The
total installed capacity of the hydropower stations in
the country is about 6599MW, out of which 3767MW
is in NWFP, 1698MW in Punjab, 1036MW in Azad
Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) and 93MW in the Northern
Areas. Table 2 shows a list of existing major
hydropower plants in Pakistan; the respective
locations are shown in Fig. 5.
HYDEL POWER CAPACITY ADDITION IN LAST 6 DECADES

1928
2000
1800
1634
1600
1292
1400
1200
943
MW 1000
800
600 428
400 239
200
0
1950-60 1960-70 1970-80 1980-90 1990- 2000-07
2000
YEAR
55
 Generation Expansion Plan 2007-2030

2007 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030

Hydel 6474 7379 9071 17423 23948 23948

IPPs 6466 14205 22045 36345 58955 95355

Genco+KESC 6431 10082 10082 10082 10082 10082

Rental 150 846 846 846 846 846

Total 19521 32512 42044 64696 93831 130231

 Generation Expansion Plan (2007-2030)
140000 130231

120000

93831
100000

80000
MW

64696
60000
42044
40000 32512

20000
19521
0
2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028

As per generation expansion plan system needs additions of 32512 MW

and 93831 MW by years 2012 and by 2025, respectively.
 Hydropower Generation Expansion Plan

30000

25000 23948 23948

20000 17423
MW

15000

10000 9071
6464

5000 7379

0
2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028
 Hydropower Addition as Per Generation Expansion Plan

8352
9000
8000
6525
7000
6000
5000
MW

4000
3000 1692
905
2000
1000
0
2012 2015 2020 2025 2030
 HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
(LOCATION MAP)
N

PHANDER
80 MW

NALTAR-I BUNJI
18 MW 5400 MW YULBO
3000 MW

DIAMER-BASHA
4500 MW, 6.4 MAF
HARPO
MATILTAN KAIGAH
33 MW
84 MW 548 MW
KARRANG
458 MW
LAWI
GOLEN GOL
70 MW
106 MW BASHO
28 MW
SAT PARA
GABRAL KALAM
DASU 16 MW, 0.09 MAF
105 MW
KEYAL 4000 MW
122 MW
KALAM ASRIT
DUBAIR KHWAR
197 MW SPAT GAH
130 MW
610 MW
ASRIT KEDAM
209 MW PALAS VALLEY
621 MW

PATTAN
2800 MW
SUKI KINARI
KHAN KHWAR 655 MW
SHARMAI MADYAN 72 MW
115 MW NEELUM-JHELUM
148 MW
ALLAI KHWAR 969 MW
121 MW JAGRAN
30 MW
THAHKOT
2800 MW
PATRIND
130 MW
JABBAN
20 MW
DARGAI
20 MW MALAKAND-III CHAKOTHI HATTIAN
81 MW 139 MW

TARBELA KOHALA
1100 MW
3478 MW, 7.0 MAF
SEHRA
HERIGHAL
65 MW
MUNDA 53 MW
740 MW, 0.90 MAF MAHL
245 MW KOTLI
100 MW
AZAD PATTAN
222 MW

WARSAK KAROT
243 MW
240 MW GULPUR
100 MW IN OPERATION
GHAZI BAROTHA AKHORI
1450 MW 600 MW, 6.0 MAF RAJDHANI
132 MW UNDER CONSTRUCTION
KALABAGH
3600 MW, 6.1 MAF NEW BONG
MANGLA
ANNOUNCED BY PRESIDENT OF PAKISTAN
79 MW
1000 MW,4.5 MAF

KURRAM TANGI FEASIBILITY/DETAILED DESIGN IN HAND

83 MW, 0.76 MAF

PROJECTS UNDER PPIB

GOMAL ZAM JINNAH
96 MW
18 MW, 0.9 MAF

CHASHMA
184 MW, 0.61 MAF

GENERAL MANAGER (HYDRO) PLANNING, WAPDA

05-03-2008
 FIG-2

BUNJI YULBO
N
5400 MW 3000 MW

HARPO
33 MW

PHANDAR
80 MW

GOLEN GOL
106 MW
LAWI DASU
KEYAL 4000 MW BASHO
70 MW
130 MW SPAT GAH 28 MW
610 MW
PATTAN
2800 MW
PALAS VALLEY
621 MW

THAKOT
2800 MW

KOHALA
1100 MW

HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
UNDER STUDIES
HYDROPLANNING ORGANIZATION (HPO) WAPDA
 Hydropower projects under studies by WAPDA

Tentative Estimated
Installed
Sr. Locati completion Construction
Project River Capacity Present Status
No. on month of Cost
(MW)
the study Millen (US$)
1 Kohala Jhelum Kohala 1100 Aug, 2009 Feasibility Study, Detailed 2,115
Design and Tender
Documents in progress.

2 Dasu Indus Dasu 4320 Mar, 2011 Feasibility Study completed 7,800
Design being started
3 Spat Gah Spat Gah Patan 567 Oct, 2009 Feasibility Study in progress. 614

4 Palan Chor Patan 621 Nov 2009 Feasibility Study in progress. 667
Vally Nullah
 Hydropower projects under studies by WAPDA

Tentative Estimated
Installed
Sr. Locati completion Constructio
Project River Capacity Present Status
No. on month of n Cost
(MW)
the study Millen (US$)
5 Basho Basho Skardu 28 Oct 2009 Design and Tender 35
Documents in process.
6 Lawi Shishi Darosh 70 Jun 2011 Feasibility Study completed. 120
- PC-I for Design and Tender
Chitral Documents initiated.
7 Thakot Indus Thakot 2800 Jun 2013 Feasibility Study completed 6,000
Detailed Design and Tender
Documents to starts.
8 Patan Indus Patan 2800 Jun 2015 PC-II for Feasibility Study, 6,000
Design and Tender
Documents submitted.
 Hydropower projects under studies by WAPDA

9 Phandar Ghizar Gilgit 80 Sep 2009 Feasibility completed Design and 70

Tender Documents in process.

10 Keyal Keyal Patan 122 August, Feasibility Study completed. 180

Khwar Khwar 2009 Detailed Design and Tender
Documents in program completed

11 Golen Gol Golen Chitral- 106 Nov 2008 Detailed Design and Tender 130
Gol- Mastuj Documents completed .
Mastuj
12 Harpo Harpo- Skardu 33 PC-II for Design and Tender 40
Lungma Documents prepared.
13 Shyok Shyoh Skardu 600 Desk studies 1,000
14 Yulbo Indus Skardu 3000 Desk study & field 6,600
reconnaissance initiated
TOTAL 16,247 31.37
Billion
 Installed Hydropower Stations in Pakistan
Sr. No. Name of Station Installed capacity (MWs)
1 Tarbela 3478
2 Ghazi Barotha 1450.
3 Mangla 1000.
4 Warsak 240.0
5 Chashma 184.0
6 Rasul 22.0
7 Malakand 19.6
8 Dargai 20.0
9 Nandipur 13.8
10 Shadiwal 13.5
11 Chichoki Malian 13.2
12 K.Garhi & Renala 5.1
13 Chitral 1.
14 Satpara 4.86
Total 6464
 Hydropower Projects in Private Sector

Name of Project Capacity (MW) Tentative

Commissioning
New Bong Escape 84 2010
Rajdhani at Punch 132 2011
(AJK)
Matiltan at Swat 84 2012

Malakand III( ) 81 2008

Kotli 100 2011

Gulpur (AJK) 120 2012

Gabral – Kalam 101 2012

 Barriers in the Development of
Hydel Power
1. To achieve consensus among people & provinces.
2. Technology and Information Barriers.
3. Policy Barriers.
4. Regulatory Barriers.
5. Institutional Barriers.
6. Financial Barriers.
7. Interconnection Barriers.
8. Tariff.
9. Procedural impediments.
10. Risks
a. Hydrological Risks
b. Geological Risks.
c. Environment Risks
 Technology and information Barriers.
 We lack knowledge & information about the Technology of
hydel.
 Need for education of hydel power technology not only for the
Engineers but also for general public & decision makers.
Strategy to achieve five E’s
E----- Education
E----- Energy
E----- Employment
E----- Equity
E----- Enterprise

UET Taxila has taken a lead in starting the classes for post graduate
students about Hydel Power to implement the most important “Es”
of Education in Energy & for Employment on Equity basics for
Enterprises.
PAKISTAN’S HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL (SUMMARY)
Sr. River/ Tributary Power
No. (MW)
1. Indus River 35760
2. Tributaries of Indus (Northern Areas) of NWFP 5558
Sub Total (1+2) 41318
3. Jhelum River 3143
4, Kunhar River 1250
5. Neelum River & its Tributaries 2459
6. Poonch River 397
Sub Total (3+4+5+6) 7249
7. Swat River & its Tributaries 2388
8. Chitral River & its Tributaries 2282
Sub Total (7+8) 4670
9. Schemes below 50 MW on Tributaries 1290
TOTAL 54, 527
71
 PAKISTAN’S HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL

Small
Swat & Chitral
Hydel
River
1290 MW
Jhelum 2.4
4528 MW
River 8.3
Basin
7249 MW
13.2 Indus River Basin
Jhelum River Basin
Swat & Chitral River
Small Hydel

4181676.2
MW

Indus River
Basin

74
 PAKISTAN POWER DAM PROJECT
(And Not KALABAGH DAM As It Is Multi Purpose But
Made Controversial)
 Pakistan Dam dedicated for 3,600 MW Electricity.
 No Provision for canal.
 35 million acres land irrigated Canal.
 Storage depleted by 6MAF to be supplemented.
 Situation of water shortage, threat of famine.
 Have reached the stage of “acute water shortage”, where
people fight for every drop of water.
 Electricity generated will also pump water from tube wells
 Investigations studies started In 1953 and project planning
feasibility in 1982
 Reservoir of Pakistan Dam
Live storage 6.1 MAF
Gross storage 7.9 MAF
Maximum Retention level 915 ft
Minimum reservoir level 825 ft
Average Flow 123,000 cusec
Main Dam
Crest elevation 940 ft
Maximum height 260 ft
Length 4,375 ft
Installed Capacity 3600 MW+600=4200
Yearly generation 12 Billion kWh
Annual Benefits Rs. 88 Billion
Estimated Cost US$6.2 Billion
 BENEFITS OF PAKISTAN DAM

The benefits to be derived from Pakistan Dam are enormous. On

average, every year they will be higher than as given below
(Rs in Billion)

Average annual power benefits 64.64

Average annual irrigation benefits 12.53

Average annual flood alleviation benefits 1.44

Additional power from Tarbela 8.97

Average yearly benefits 87.58

 NATIONAL LOSS IF PAKISTAN DAM IS NOT BUILT

 The Annual energy generated would be equivalent to 20 million barrels of oil

otherwise needed to produce thermal power.

 National food needs would be jeopardized.

 38% loss of storage capacity of the existing reservoirs due to

sedimentation, results in shortage of committed irrigation supplies.
 Industrial, Commercial, Economic & quality of life will deteriorate further.

 For implementation of Water Apportionment Accord 1991, new

storages are essential.
Salient Features of Pakistan
(AS OF 1993)

Irrigated Area 34.5 M.Acres

Cultivated Area 51 M.Acres
Total Area 197 M.Acres
Total Surface Flow 151 M.Acre Ft
 Canals Withdrawals 106 MAF
Ground Water Pumps 43 MAF
 Total length of Canals 58,500 KM
 Agricultural Produce 26% of GDP
 WATER STORAGE CAPACITIES
OF SOME COUNTRIES

 Pakistan can store only 30 days of water.

 India can store 120-220 days of water

 South Aferica can store 500 days of water

 Eygpt Aswan dam can store upto 700 days of water

 In USA Colorado dam can store upto 900 days of water

 APPREHENSIONS OF SINDH
(1) No surplus water to fill Pakistan Dam reservoir

 Annual average of 35 MAF escape below Kotri to Sea.

 Pakistan Dam reservoir will be filled up by only 6MAF, which

will gradually be released to the provinces.

 Indus River System Authority (IRSA) has studied and

confirmed that sufficient water is available for further storage

 Surface flow annual 151 MAF

(2) Anxiety the project would render Sindh into desert.
Dams don’t consume water! These only store water
during flood season and make it available on crop demand
basis
After Pakistan Dam, the canal withdrawals for Sindh
would further increase by about 2.25 MAF.
(3) Outlets would be used to divert water from the
reservoir
The project design must not include any provision for
canals.
Telemetric system are working well which are installed at
each barrage and flow control points to monitor discharge in
various canals commands, on real time basis under the
protection of Indus Water River System Authority (IRSA) and in
all provinces.
(4) Cultivation in “Sailaba” areas would be effected
Flood peaks above 300,000 cusecs would still be
coming after construction of Pakistan Dam, without
detriment to the present agricultural practices, while
large floods would be effectively controlled. This would,
in fact, be conducive to installation of permanent tube
wells to provide permanent irrigation facility in rive rain
areas. The farmer can have two crops annually instead
of the present one crop.
(5) Sea Water intrusion estuary(The wide part of a river where it nears the
sea; fresh and salt water mix) would accentuate(put stress/emphasize).

Data shows that sea water intrusion, seems to be

at its maximum even now, and it is unlikely to be
aggravated further by Pakistan Dam.
 APPREHENSION OF NWFP
1. flooding of Peshawar Valley including Nowshera
 Backwater effect of Dam lake would end about 10 miles
downstream of Nowshera.
2. Area of Mardan, Pabbi and Swabi plains would be adversely
affected creating water logging and salinity.
 Lowest ground levels at Mardan, Pabbi and Swabi areas are 970,
960 and 1000 feet above MSL respectively, as compared to the
maximum conservation level of 915 ft for dam, Operation pattern
of reservoir cannot block the land drainage and cause water
logging or salinity
4. Operation of Mardan scarp(protective embankment) would be
adversely affected.
The invert levels of main drains of Mardan SCARP are
higher than reservoir elevation of 915 feet and the back water
level in Kabul River. These drains would keep on functioning
without any obstruction.
5. Fertile cultivable land would be submerged.
Total cultivable affected land under the reservoir is only
35,000 acres,(24,500 acres in Punjab 3,000 acres in
NWFP).irrigated land would be only 3,000 acres (2,900 acres in
Punjab and 100 acres in NWFP).
6. Population Dislocation
Total population to be relocated is 120320 of which
78,170 shall be from Punjab and 42,150 from NWFP.
Resettlement of Affected Population will be properly
compensated
 BENEFITS OF HYDEL POWER
DEVELOPMENT
 Hydel Potential of 54,000MW to be harnessed to avoid
load shedding
 To reduce dependency on oil import
 Hydel power a stimulator for the socio-economic
growth
 Highly reliable, cheap operation and maintenance
 Able to respond to rapidly changing loads without loss
of efficiency
 The plants have a long life so highly economical
BENEFITS OF HYDEL POWER
DEVELOPMENT
 No nuisance of smoke, exhaust gases, soot, as
environment, friendly
 Multipurpose to give additional advantages of
irrigation, flood control
 Optimal Utilization for development of
Hydropower Projects in cascade
 Cheap Electricity, food security, drinking water,
flood control, drought mitigation,
environment control, carbon credit
 Challenges in Hydropower Projects
To achieve consensus among people & provinces.

Generally located in remote area, lack of basic

infrastructure (access roads, tunnels, electricity, telephone,
colony, potable water, manpower)
Dedicated and expensive delivery infrastructure required

Extra thermal capacity for backup in low water season

Hydel Generation varies with availability of water & head

Limited International experience in Private Hydropower

Projects
89
 Challenges in Hydropower Projects
Specific Tariff & Security Documents issues

Project Agreements are different and complex

Clearances from the Provinces, Water Use Agreement etc.

More Capital intensive compared to thermal

Longer gestation and construction Period

More Construction Risks (inflation, cost overruns, delays,

geological surprises, floods, extreme weather, socio-political)
Higher Tariff in the initial years

No “off-the-shelf” or standard machines similar to thermal

plants

90
 Challenges in Hydropower Projects
Very site specific. Usually a number of options for
developing each site
High percentage of civil works (70-75%) - difficult to
estimate end costs
Operational Risks (hydrological risk, multiple uses, future
developments/diversions)
Environmental & resettlement issues

Institutional set up at provincial level

To mitigate the conspiracy that “No large dam to be

allowed to be build in Pakistan” 91
COMPARISON OF HYDRO POWER PLANTS
EXISTING, UNDER CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNED

Pakistan India
(Himalayan region)
No. of Capacity No. of Capacity
Projects ( MW) Projects ( MW)
Existing 6 6,385 74 15,208
Under 7 1,405 37 17,765
Construction
Planned 35 33,769 318 93,615
Total 48 41,559 429 126,588
 MAJOR HYDROELECTRIC STATIONS OF THE WORLD
S.No Name Country Year of Total Annual
Completion capacity Electricity
(MW) Production
(TWh)
1 Three Gorges China 2009 22,500 >100
Dam
2 Itaipu Brazil / 1984/2003 14,000 90
Paraguay
3 Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 46

4 Grand C oulee USA 1942 / 1980 6,800 22.6

5 Tarbela Pakistan 1976 3,478 13

6 Mangla Pakistan 1967 1,000 -

 DIAMER BASHA DAM MULTI-PURPOSE PROJECT
(PROFILE OF PROJECT UNDER EXECUTION)
Project Location Chilas on Indus River 315 km upstream of Tarbela Dam,
Height of Dam 272 m
Length of Dam 990 m
Gross Storage 8.1 Million-acre feet (MAF)
Live Storage 6.4MAF
Total Installed Capacity 4,500MW
Total Number of Units 12, each of 375 MW
Power Houses 2 (2,250 MW each)
Average Generation 18,000 Gwh/ annum
Construction Period 2009-2017
Present Status
•Feasibility Completed in 2007.
•Construction to start by mid 2009.
 Micro-hydropower development

The northern part of the country is rich with hydropower

resources. Other than 12 big (capacity greater than 1MW)
hydropower plants, there are a large number of sites in the
high terrain, where natural and manageable waterfalls are
abundantly available. The population in these areas is
isolated in thin clusters and is located far from physical
infrastructure. Such remote population can get great
benefit from such energy sources.
The recoverable potential in micro-hydropower up to
100kW is roughly estimated to be 300MW on perennial
water falls in northern Pakistan. Besides, there is an
immense potential for exploiting water falls in the canal
network particularly in Punjab, where low head high
discharge exists on many canals.
More than 300 such locations with nearly 350MW
potential have been identified so far.
PCRET and/or its predecessor organization PCAT have
co-financed installation of a total of some 300 run-of-
river type plants with total capacity of 4MW.With the
assistance of Asian Development Bank, 100 micro-
hydropower plants with ratings ranging from 5 to 50 kW
are being installed in and around Malakand in NWFP.

A pilot project for development and installation of two

40 kW micro hydro turbines has been undertaken by
AEDB
Electric power generation policies
 1994 Power Policy. In March 1994, the Government
announced the ‘‘Policy Framework and Package of
Incentives for Private Sector Power Generation Projects in
Pakistan’’. This policy attracted an enthusiastic response,
mainly in thermal power plants, and resulted in direct
foreign investment of US$ 4 billion.
 1995 Hydel Power Policy. In May 1995, the Government
announced the ‘‘Policy Framework and Package of
Incentives for Private Sector Hydel Power Generation
Projects in Pakistan’’, with an emphasis on promotion of
hydropower generation. Like the 1994 Power Policy, the
Hydel Policy 1995 also got an encouraging response.
 Forty-one Letters of Interest and 13 Letters of Support were
issued under its provisions.
 1998 Power Policy. In July 1998, the Government
announced its ‘‘Policy for New Private Independent Power
Projects’’. This policy was based on the concept of
minimum levelized tariff through international
competitive bidding. However, the response from the
private sector was not encouraging.
 2002 Power Policy. In October 2002, the Government
announced its ‘‘Policy for Power Generation Projects Year
2002’’. Response is encouraging and 23 proposals have been
received so far, out of which five are for the hydropower
projects with an estimated capacity of 1074MW.
Pakistan has undoubtedly enormous potential for
hydropower, only a small portion of which has been
exploited so far. Development of indigenous
hydropower resources will decrease reliance on
imported oil, thus enhancing energy security and at
the same time reducing oil import bill.

BUT

The Government has not been making concerted

efforts to increase hydropower generation capacity
in the country and recent policies reflect that.
THANKS