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SQL Quries

This document provides an overview of SQL commands and functions. It discusses the two broad categories of SQL functions: data definition language for creating and managing database objects, and data manipulation language for inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data. It also covers topics like data types, indexes, conditional selections, operators, advanced data definition commands, and aggregate functions.

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Umt Bbis
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
68 views

SQL Quries

This document provides an overview of SQL commands and functions. It discusses the two broad categories of SQL functions: data definition language for creating and managing database objects, and data manipulation language for inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data. It also covers topics like data types, indexes, conditional selections, operators, advanced data definition commands, and aggregate functions.

Uploaded by

Umt Bbis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

SQL COMMANDS

Introduction
2

 SQL is a database computer language designed


for the retrieval and management of data in a
relational database. SQL stands for Structured
Query Language.
Introduction to SQL
3

 SQL functions fit into two broad categories:


 Data definition language
 SQL includes commands to:
 Create database objects, such as tables, indexes, and views
 Define access rights to those database objects
 Data manipulation language
 Includescommands to insert, update, delete, and retrieve
data within database tables
Data Types
4

 Data type selection is usually dictated by nature of


data and by intended use
 Pay close attention to expected use of attributes for
sorting and data retrieval purposes
Data Types (continued)

5
SQL Indexes
6

 When primary key is declared, DBMS


automatically creates unique index
 Often need additional indexes
 Using CREATE INDEX command, SQL indexes can
be created on basis of any selected attribute
 Composite index
 Index based on two or more attributes
 Often used to prevent data duplication
Data Manipulation Commands
7

 Adding table rows


 Listing table rows
 Updating table rows
 Deleting table rows
Adding Table Rows
8

 INSERT
 Used to enter data into table
 Syntax:
 INSERTINTO columnname
VALUES (value1, value2, … , valuen);
Adding Table Rows (continued)
9

 When entering values, notice that:


 Row contents are entered between parentheses
 Character and date values are entered between
apostrophes
 Numerical entries are not enclosed in apostrophes

 Attribute entries are separated by commas

 A value is required for each column

 Use NULL for unknown values


Listing Table Rows
10

 SELECT
 Used to list contents of table
 Syntax:
 SELECTcolumnlist
FROM tablename;
 Columnlist represents one or more attributes,
separated by commas
 Asterisk can be used as wildcard character to list
all attributes
Updating Table Rows
11

 UPDATE
 Modify data in a table
 Syntax:
 UPDATE tablename
SET columnname = expression [, columname = expression]
[WHERE conditionlist];
 If more than one attribute is to be updated in row,
separate corrections with commas
Deleting Table Rows
12

 DELETE
 Deletes a table row
 Syntax:
 DELETE
FROM tablename
[WHERE conditionlist ];
 WHERE condition is optional
 If WHERE condition is not specified, all rows from
specified table will be deleted
Selecting Rows with
13
Conditional Restrictions
 Select partial table contents by placing restrictions
on rows to be included in output
 Addconditional restrictions to SELECT statement, using
WHERE clause
 Syntax:
 SELECTcolumnlist
FROM tablelist
[ WHERE conditionlist ] ;
Selecting Rows with
Conditional Restrictions (continued)

14
Arithmetic Operators:
15
The Rule of Precedence
 Perform operations within parentheses
 Perform power operations
 Perform multiplications and divisions
 Perform additions and subtractions
Arithmetic Operators:
The Rule of Precedence (continued)

16
Special Operators
17

 BETWEEN
 Used to check whether attribute value is within a range
 IS NULL
 Used to check whether attribute value is null
 LIKE
 Used to check whether attribute value matches given
string pattern
Special Operators (continued)
18

 IN
 Used to check whether attribute value matches any
value within a value list
 EXISTS
 Used to check if subquery returns any rows
Advanced Data Definition Commands
19

 All changes in table structure are made by using


ALTER command
 Followed by keyword that produces specific change
 Following options are available:
 ADD
 MODIFY
 DROP
Changing a Column’s Data Type
20

 ALTER can be used to change data type


 Some RDBMSs (such as Oracle) do not permit
changes to data types unless column to be changed
is empty
Changing a Column’s Data
21
Characteristics
 Use ALTER to change data characteristics
 If column to be changed already contains data,
changes in column’s characteristics are permitted if
those changes do not alter the data type
Adding a Column
22

 Use ALTER to add column


 Do not include the NOT NULL clause for new column
Dropping a Column
23

 Use ALTER to drop column


 Some RDBMSs impose restrictions on the deletion of an
attribute
Adding Primary and Foreign Key
24
Designations
 When table is copied, integrity rules do not copy, so
primary and foreign keys need to be manually
defined on new table
 User ALTER TABLE command
 Syntax:
 ALTER TABLE tablename ADD
PRIMARY KEY(fieldname);
 For foreign key, use FOREIGN KEY in place of PRIMARY KEY
Deleting a Table from the Database
25

 DROP
 Deletes table from database
 Syntax:
 DROP TABLE tablename;
Advanced Select Queries
26

 SQL provides useful functions that can:


 Count

 Findminimum and maximum values


 Calculate averages

 SQL allows user to limit queries to only those entries


having no duplicates or entries whose duplicates
may be grouped
Aggregate Functions

27

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