The Drainage System

The drainage system is

composed of the piping
network within a structure
which conveys sewage,
rainwater, or other wastes
from their point of origin to a
point of disposal. Such as a
public sewer or a private
treatment facility (septic
tank). This system is often
known as the DWV System
(Drainage, Waste and Vent).
The complete drainage system
is subdivided into four(4) sub-
systems, as follows.
1. Soil Drainage System
 The piping that’s conveys the discharge of water
closets or fixtures having similar functions (containing
fecal matter), with or without the discharges from other
fixtures.

 2. Waste Drainage System or Sanitary Drainage

System
 The piping that receives the liquid discharge, from
plumbing fixtures other that those fixtures (water
closets) receiving fecal matter. This piping is free of
fecal flow.
3. Storm Drainage System
The piping system that receives clear water
drainage from leaders, down-spots, surface run-off,
ground water, subsurface water, condensate water, cooling
water or other similar discharges and conveys them to the
point of disposal. All sanitary wastes must be excluded.

4. Vent System
The piping system that receives a flow or air to or
from drainage system or to provide a circulation of air
within such system to protect trap seals from siphon age
or back pressures.
Reporters :
Paul Jorick Crisostomo
Patrick Sison
Ralph Alex Velasco
The Drainage Installation three components

1. Drainage Pipe 2. Waste Pipe

3. Vent Pipe
 What is a Waste Pipe?
The waste pipe is any pipe in a drainage
installation which receives the discharge of any
fixture except the same to the soil branch, soil pipe
or house drain.
 Soil and Waste Pipe
The pipe is called stack being installed vertically
and the word soil is affixed because it receives human
waste from soil branch, otherwise, it will again be
classified as waste stack.
 GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR A
GOOD WASTE PIPE INSTALLATION
1. The right choice of materials
The character of the waste to be drained and the service for
which it is intended for dictates the kind of materials to be used. For
instance, any waste line that conveys large quantities of acid must
specify acid resistant materials.

2. Conservative use of fittings

• refers to the proper choice of the right kind of fittings for a
particular change of directions.

Pipe installations that fail or break too soon may have been due to any
of the ff. causes:
• The use of many fittings
• The use of wrong type of fittings in a particular location.
Recommendation
 a. Do not use fittings of short radius on
vertical to horizontal directions or
horizontal to horizontal changes. Long Sweep

 b. Use long sweep fittings on horizontal

changes .
 c. For vertical to horizontal direction of
changes, the Y and 45 fittings are the Tee
most appropriate.

 d. The T fittings are designed for use on

vertical run with lateral branches only.
Their use on horizontal installation will
produce a tilted or crooked joint 45 Elbow
connection which is called “Premature
Waste Line Defects”.

Y Fitting
3. Right location of cleanout
Clean out is a receptacle of the
plumbing system which should be
accessible to the floor, walls or ceiling. It
is intended to be opened in case of pipe
line trouble. It is equipped with a plug or
flush plate so designed as not to impair
the aesthetic view of the room. It is also
sized equal to the diameter of the waste
pipe line where it is to be connected to
avoid interference in the rodding or
cleaning.

4. The right size of the pipe

The ideal position of the
horizontal waste pipe lines are those
installed at 2% slope. Meaning, the pipe
is installed with an inclination ratio of 2
centimeters per meter length run. For
instance, a 3 meters pipe as a waste line
will have an inclination of 6 centimeters.
5. The right slope or grade of the pipe line

Injudicious connection of fittings should not be permitted in any

plumbing installation. Each kind of pipe has its own manner of joining
recommended and specified by the manufacturers.

6. The manner of joining the pipes

The size of the pipe intended to receive fixture wastes must be

of sufficient diameter to accommodate velocity of flow making them as
nearly scouring as necessary to prevent siltation of waste inside the
pipe. • Scouring means to flush or wash to remove dirt and grease by
flowing through.
Reporters :
Roldan Delos Santos
Francis Neil De Vera
Cydyr Nazareno
 Soil Pipe
 Any pipe that receives and conveys
discharges of water closet, with or
without the discharge coming from
other fixtures to the house drain or
house sewer is called Soil Pipe.
 The word Soil is affixed to pipe
installation that carries human waste
coming from water closet. Minus the
waste coming from water closet, aid
installation is called Waste Pipe. Soil
pipe installed vertically is called Soil
Stack and Soil Branch when installed
horizontally.
The National Plumbing Code on Soil Pipe Provides:
1. That at least one of the vertical stacks in the plumbing
system must extend full size through the roof for the
following purposes:
• To ventilate and dispose of the sewer das above the
roof.
• To prevent siphoning of the water trap seal by force
suction.
• To prevent the possibility of back pressure which may
force the water seal off the fixture trap.
2. Any structure with a house drain installed, must have at
least one soil stack vent, extended full size above the roof
not less than 30 cm long and should not be less than 75 mm
diameter or the size of the drain whichever is smaller.

3. As a general rule, vent stack must be extended and

terminate through the roof of the building. When the roof is
to be used other than protection from the elements of
weather, the vent stack should be extended no less than
above the roof.
Installation Requirements
 To start with the soil pipe roughing-in, the plan
layout of the entire building installation must be
prepared. This includes the location of fixtures, size
of the partitions, location of doors and windows as
well as the lowered ceiling that will conceal the soil
and waste pipe branches.

 The location of electric outlets and boxes, cabinets

and other building necessities has to be set up. The
soil pipe is generally placed before the mounting of
partitions. Passing the soil pipe through any of this
facility unit would be a reflection on the mechanical
ability of the plumber, and a fault that would be
exceedingly hard to correct.
Size of the Soil Pipe

So far, there is no definite mathematical formula ever formulated

to determine the size of the Soil Pipe required for a particular
installation. This maybe because of the variable conditions relative to its
service.

For instance, who can foretell how often one is going to use a
plumbing fixture in a given time interval? Likewise. It would be more
difficult for a plumber to ascertain how often and what time a plumbing
fixture might be used. And to determine the size of the soil pipe on the
basis of maximum discharge of all the fixtures connected to it in a minute
or an hour interval would be nobody’s guess.

However, it would be certain that all fixtures connected to the

plumbing system, would never be used or flush simultaneously at one
point in time. And it would be more impossible for the soil pipe to be
carrying a maximum load from all the fixtures connected to it in one
single moment.
The Fixture Unit

In the absence of a definite formula to use in

finding the size of a soil pipe, the Uniform Plumbing
Code Committee formulated the Fixture Unit data
as the maximum waste discharges per minute
interval of a particular fixture. Indeed, the Code
provides that, the fixture unit be the standard
values in determining the size of all plumbing
installations.
The Soil Branch
The Soil Branch is a soil pipe installed horizontally
with lateral or vertical connections that receives the
discharges of water closet with or without additional
plumbing fixtures.
 General Conditions in Installing Soil Branch
1. The Soil Branch being concealed in floors,
partitions or lowered ceiling should be accessibly
provided with sufficient number of cleanouts.
2. Cleanout should be installed wherever changes of
soil branch direction are made.
3. Cleanout should be the same in diameter as the
soil branch.
4. Cleanout should be located at the farthest end of the branch
away from the vertical soil pipe.
5. The use of short radius fittings on soil branch when making a
change of direction such as short sanitary Tee, ¼ bend and short L
should be avoided.
6. A long radius fitting shall be used for a horizontal to horizontal or
vertical to horizontal change of direction. In some instances, the
use of short radius fitting is only permitted on a vertical to
horizontal change of direction.
7. Soil branch shall be graded properly and carefully aligned.
Crooked joint should not be allowed.
8. The efficiency of a horizontal waste installation depends upon the
Scouring or Self-cleaning action for every discharge of waste. Soil
branch having a slope more than 2% fall has the tendency of
separating the solid waste from the liquid. Water flows faster on
high pitch leaving the suspended materials at the bottom of the
pipe. On the other hand, a pipe with grade less than 2% is also
susceptible to stoppage due to retarded flow.
Reporters :
Christian Ievan Najera
Troy Tulao
House Drain (Building Drain)
•It is the main horizontal drain pipe inside the building. It is where all
other branch house drains connect.
•Its function is to direct route waste and rain water to the house sewer,
which is technically begins 5 feet past the foundation wall of any
building.
 Determining The Size of House Drain
The Uniform Plumbing Code Committee has developed a method of
sizing house drains in terms of “fixture units” (DFU). One fixture unit
equals approximately 7.5 gallons of water per minute.

DFU Values

Fixture Unit Value (DFU)

Lavatory or Washbasin 1
Floor drain 2
Kitchen sink 2
Bathtub 2
Laundry tub 2
Shower 2
Slop sink 3
Urinal 6
Water closet 6
Grade or Slope of the House Drain
A house drain or building sewer should be sloped toward
the sewer to ensure scouring of the drain. The usual pitch of a
house or building sewer is ¼ inch fall in 1 foot of length.
The more slope of the pipe, the faster the water travels down the
pipe.
Horizontal Sanitary Drain Capacity (in DFUs)
Size of Pipe (in Inches) Slope (Inches per Foot)
1/8 1/4
1¼ 1 1
1½ 2 2
2 5 6*
3 15** 18*
4 84 96
5 162 216
6 300 450
8 990 1392
10 1800 2520
12 3084 4320

Note:
* No water closet will discharge into a pipe smaller than 3
inches.
** No more than 2 water closet will discharge into any 3-inch,
horizontal-branch house drain or house sewer.
Change of House Drain Direction
Changes of house drain direction are also governed by the
following conditions:
1. All changes in directions from horizontal to horizontal, or
vertical to horizontal flow, should be done with long radius
fittings. Short tees, ¼ bends and short turn L fittings, should not
be permitted.
2. Soil branch should be run Right Angle to the main.
3. Fixture connection must run at Right Angle to the branch.
House Drain Cleanout
On House Drain Cleanout, the National Plumbing code provides that:

1. The house drain shall be provided with adequate number of

cleanouts to prevent braking of the floor, in case of drain storage.
2. The location of the cleanout depends upon the good Judgement of
the plumber where it is readily accessible, in case of line trouble.
4. Any branch of the house drain terminating at a floor drain or fixture, shall be
provided with 100 mm diameter pipe, extended at least 2 inches above the
floor inserted in a 45 degrees Y branch in the direction of the drain flow.

5. The cleanout shall be equipped with threaded screw cover provided with a
raised head that could be moved easily with a wrench.

6. A cleanout extended above the flow shall not be utilized as a floor drain.
7. The trap of a floor drain shall be placed not more than 50 centimetres below
the finished floor line, to facilitate cleaning in case of line trouble.
8. A cleanout shall be installed at every 20 meters interval distance, and also at
the base of all soil and waste stack.
House Drain Appliances
House Drain appliances include the following:
1. House Trap
• House trap assembly
• Back flow valves
• Balanced valve
• Unbalance valve
2. Area Drain
3. Floor Drain
1. Yard Catch Basin
2. Garage Catch Basin
 Garage Catch Basins includes:
• Drain tile receptor
• Sewage ejector
• Automatic water siphon
• Sump pit
• Grease basins
Reporter :
Dave Inaldo
THE HOUSE SEWER
-is defined as, that proportion of the horizontal drainage system,
which start from the outer face of the building and terminate at the main
sewer in the street or septic tank.

Main Sewer
-it is financed and maintained by the government. Those houses
along the street with main sewer line are required to connect their house
sewers to the public.
HOUSE SEWER CONNNECTION TO MAIN SEWER
The house sewer is connected to the main sewer by boring a small
hole through the concrete pipe, using a sharpened steel chisel or electric
drill. The hole is gradually enlarged to receive the sleeve. Extra care
should be exercise not to break the inside wall of the main sewer. The
house sewer pipe is connected to the main sewer entering at 45 degrees
angle or directly from the top.
There are general conditions in installing sewer pipes to be discussed on
the powerpoint.

SIZE OF THE HOUSE SEWER

The size of the house sewer for residential connection to the main
or septic tank has been established by sanitary authorities, based on their
records of installation tests, and mathematical conclusions.
The old practice is to use 150 mm or 6 inches diameter cement or verified
clay pipe for the house sewer. If plastic pipe or its interior surface texture
equivalent is used, the diameter can be reduced to 100 mm diameter,
subject to the standard rules, promulgated by the National Plumbing
Code.
Reporters :
Melvin Dela Cruz
John Lyod Baldeo
The Storm Drain
It is that unit of the plumbing system that conveys rain
or storm water to a suitable terminal. Storm water id
normally discharged into street gutter conveyed by public
drain system and carried to some natural drainage terminal
like canals, rivers, lakes and the like.
 As a general rules storm drain is not permitted to discharge into a
septic tank or to the main sewer line. The collection and disposal of
storm water is an important phase of plumbing system and should not be
ignored, otherwise the water coming from the roof if not properly
diverted might create problems like.

1. Settlement of the structure cause by erosion or washing away the

soil from the foundation.
2. Subjecting the basement floor and walts to unnecessary ground
water pressure and possible leakage.
3. Rundown water may create walls and window leakage.
4. Water may spill on people passing by or approaching entry door.
5. Erode the surrounding grounds ad cause disfiguring of the
landscape areas.
Splash Plan
Is a collector of water coming down from the downspout leading
the accumulated water away from the house at a relatively low rate of
flow.
Classification of Storm Drain

• Inside Storm Drain

Located under the basement or within the walls of the buildings.
It is commonly found in buildings constructed along congested business
district, or building that occupies the entire frontage of the lot.

• Outside Storm Drain

Is installed outside the foundation wall of the building. This type
of drainage is possible on location where the lot is not totally occupied by
the building.

• Overhead Storm Drain

Is adopted when the drainage is higher in elevation than the
basement floor of the building. The purpose is to avail of the gravity flow
of the water.
Size of the Storm Drain
The size of Storm Drain is determined under the
following considerations

• Gauging the rainfall over a given period

• Consider the varying roof areas the slope and the
distance of water travelled before it reaches the
conductors
• Water drain faster on high pitch roof
• The height of the building
• The use of improper fittings and short offsets that
will affect the flow of water must be avoided
Grade and Change of Direction
The storm drain is installed providing a slope of not
more than 2% per meter run. A combination of Y and 1/8
bend or along radius is fitting is appropriate for any change in
direction.
Roof Leader
Is popularly known as water conductor or
downspout either concealed or exposed type. It
connects the roof terminal to the storm drain.