2 Kim Prior - FinTech

FinTech and Regulation
September 22, 2016

Kim Prior
Baker & McKenzie LLP is a member firm of Baker & McKenzie International, a Swiss Verein with member law firms around the world. In accordance with the common
terminology used in professional service organisations, reference to a "partner" means a person who is a partner, or equivalent, in such a law firm. Similarly, reference to an
"office" means an office of any such law firm.
© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP
Agenda
– FinTech Overview – what is FinTech? Types of
FinTech products and services
– How is FinTech Regulated?
– Regulatory Iniatives to Promote FinTech
– Effect of FinTech on Existing Financial Insitutions
2
FinTech Overview
What is FinTech?
‒ Describes the intersection Payments

between software and
technology to deliver financial Financing Investments
services.
‒ May refer to technical
FinTech
innovation applied in a
traditional financial services
context or to innovative Big Data Advisory
financial services offerings

that disrupt the existing Insurance
financial services market.
© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 4

Growth of FinTech
‒ Statistics: ‒ FinTech has emerged
 Forcasted that over due to:
$4.7 trillion of revenue  technology (social
at traditional financial networks, big data)
services companies is  favorable regulatory
at risk of disruption by environment
FinTech companies  demographics (rise of the
 FinTech firms attracted millenials)
$19 billion in investment  mobile financial services
in 2015 provide cheap banking
solutions to the unbanked

Where Fintechs are (EY study)
Place Market Size Investment Fintech staff Characteristics
NYC 7.5bn 1.9bn 57,000 • close to markets
• 1st generation
• incubators & accelerators
California 6.3bn 4.8bn 74,000 • mature FinTech community
• established connections
• large VC funds
UK 8.9bn 707m 61,000 • global financial hub
• progressive government & reg.
• effective network of hubs
Germany 2.4bn 524m 13,000 • mostly credit & lending
• increasing focus on b2b
• complex startup environment
Hong 0.9bn 62m 8,000 • relatively nascent market
Kong • community focused on capital
markets
Singapore 0.9bn 50m 7,000 • gateway to Asia
• easy to do business, English
• dedicated team at regulator
Australia 0.8bn 267m 10,000 • emerging Fintech ecosystem
• 0.9bn commitment to innovation
Examples of FinTech
Peer to peer or marketplace lending platforms

 lending to individuals or businesses through online
services that match lenders directly with borrowers
 operation of lending platform may be regulated
Equity crowdfunding
crowdfunder
 funding a project or venture by raising money from a
large number of people
 may be regulated for arranging securities transactions
or operating an unregulated investment fund
Roboadvice
 automated financial advice (computer based algorithms
and decision trees)
 may be subject to adviser registration/regulation
Examples of FinTech
Virtual currencies
 Bitcoin etc. might constitute currencies if the trading in
them is regulated; also raises AML issues
On-line payment accounts

 accounts through which you can send money, make
payments online, and receive money
 may be regulated as non-bank payment institutions
Payment initiation services

 service used to initiate a payment to another party

Marketplace Lending
‒ Typical model for marketplace lending:
 borrowers apply for a loan on a marketplace platform;
 accepted loan applications are then originated by a partner bank (LendingClub and
Prosper use Utah-based WebBank);
 the MPL performs the underwriting of the loans, using criteria agreed with the partner
bank
 platforms purchase the loan from the partner bank;
 the platform issues a note to lenders, instead of a contract.
‒ Marketplace or “peer-to-peer” lending platforms make a profit from

arrangment fees rather than the spread between lending and
deposit rates
‒ Marketplace lending has grown due to low interest rates, low
default rates, improved lending process and scarcity of consumer
credit

Marketplace Lending
‒ Partnerships between banks and MPLs are becoming increasingly
common in the US. BBVA Compass bank, for example, partners with
OnDeck to originate small business loans through the platform by
referring customers for smaller loan amounts.
‒ Other bank partnerships focus on funding, i.e. rather than simply referring
the loan on to an MPL, the bank provides the funding themselves. For
example, LendingClub and Citigroup announced a partnership in April
2015 in which Citigroup provides borrowers on the platform with funding
through the Varadero Capital hedge fund, which takes on the first loss
risk.
‒ These arrangements allow banks to provide funding to higher risk
individuals or SMEs, while passing much of the credit risk on to investors.

Mobile Payments
 Figures show the largest usage of mobile payments

are those who do not have a bank account (45%).
 Likely that those combining hardware and software,
such as Apple Pay and Samsung Pay, will be the
dominant players.
 The following factors might increase the
use of mobile wallets:
 more Global Mobile Wallet
Providers
 more Smartphones
 more Merchant acceptance
of contactless payments

Mobile Payments
 Mobile payment solutions may involve a mobile

network operator (MNO) participating in the offering
along with a financial institution.
 For some mobile payment solutions, the handset is
simply a device for authentication and there may be
no wider involvement of the MNO.
 Examples of new innovations:
 NFC terminals
 Mobile POS
 Retailer Mobile Apps
 Digital Wallets
 Peer to peer mobile payments

Blockchain Technology
 A ‘blockchain’ is the cryptographic technology

that underlies bitcoin. It is effectively a public ledger of all
transactions that have ever been executed with that bitcoin.
 Blockchain technology has other applications, for example,
the NASDAQ exchange will soon start using a blockchain-
based system to record trades in privately held companies.
 Blockchain technology introduced in the back-office in order
to settle transactions and keep track of money flows in real-
time has the potential to be the efficiency innovation in
payments.

InvesTech
 “Robo Adviser” for investments – automated wealth

managers offering financial advice
 Based on KYC information, they offer tailor-made
investment solutions, typically based on mutual funds /
ETFs
 More sophisticated models are being deployed using
artificial intelligence
 Typically, a license is required to provide these services

Big Data
 “Big Data” means:

 using new or expanded datasets and data, including data from
unconventional sources such as social media
 adopting the technologies required to generate, collect and store
these new forms of data
 using advanced data processing technologies
 using sophisticated analytical techniques such as predictive analytics
 applying this data knowledge in business decisions and activities
 By analyzing payment information, firms can build an
insight into customer intelligence and behaviors that they
may be able to monetize.

Big Data
 Offers can be driven by analytics into a combination of

historical payments information and big data analysis of
demographics, location positioning and peer group analysis.
 By understanding customer behavior, firms can target new
customers and cross-sell to existing customers.
 Firms can incorporate transactional-level data analysis
within credit risk model development.
 Firms can give customers access to their own data, and
help them manage their finances via apps that make use
of the data.
 Big Data can be used to identify problems, for example,
how credit lines are being used against agreed limits and
to identify payments patterns of potential interest.

RegTech
 RegTech broadly means technologies that facilitate

the delivery of regulatory requirements.
 Deutsche Bank, JP Morgan, Santander and HSBC have
all allocated teams to explore investment opportunities
in the RegTech sector.
 Governments are beginning to work with companies to
identify ways to support the adoption of new technologies
to facilitate the delivery of regulatory requirements.
 RegTech can reduce a client’s regulatory and compliance
costs, automate the certain compliance tasks and reduce
risks.

Benefits
User Cheaper and

Transparency Cyber-crime Financial
anonymity: faster
of transactions defense inclusion
Privacy transactions
Risk
User Lack of
Low consumer Terrorist
anonymity: government Volatility
protection financing
Crime intervention

Additional Risks from FinTech
 Businesses focused on the “Tech” and not the “Fin”

 may lack banking experience
 Cybercrime
 Data security/data protection
 Potential user anonymity/AML risk
 Volatility created by ease and speed of transfer of
funds
 Increasing regulatory scrutiny

Regulation of FinTech
Principles Underlying FinTech Regulation
Regulators’ responses to technological developments in the financial services
industry derive from a number of often-competing principles and objectives.
Consumer
Privacy Data Security
Protection
Anti-
Anti-Money Cybersecurity Tax Evasion
Terrorism
Laundering
Financing
Promoting Access to
Fair Lending Job Creation
Innovation Finance

Factors Impacting Regulatory Authority
A combination of various factors and elements relevant to any individual
FinTech company will determine how regulations will impact its business.
Regulatory Agency Authority

• Company Domicile
• Activities & Applicable Laws & Regulations

Practices
Licensure & Registration
• Product Offerings Requirements
• Size
Permitted Activities
• Customer Type
Compliance Requirements
• Transaction
Location
Disclosure Requirements
Approaches to FinTech Regulation
‒ Active Approch:
 Regulators work closely with startups to understand new
fintech developments and upcoming obstacles and to
help startups address these challenges
 Examples: early collaboration with industry in drafting regulation; regular
feedback/explanations of rationale during regulation process,
collaboration with startups to help develop their product aligned with
regulation
 Requires intensive use of regulatory resources and risk
that agencies will become overwhelmed
 UK’s Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) uses an active
approach

Approaches to FinTech Regulation
‒ Passive Approach:
 National regulators do not play an active role in trying to
make fintech companies succees, but they don’t stand in
their way. German regulator, BaFin, has historically
taken this approach
‒ Restrictive Approach:
 Governments that are risk averse, have large
bureaucracies or fear regulatory capture by the industry
may take this approach. The United States is an
example.

Regulatory framework in the U.K.
Regulation can facilitate but also be a barrier to entry
 light touch regimes assist new entrants with lower regulatory costs
than mainstream banks
 regulatory status builds credibility
 but regulation is now being extended to previously unregulated areas
EU “lighter touch” regimes: The Payment Services

Directive and The Electronic Money Directive
Permit e.g., payment accounts/prepaid cards

Regulatory framework in the U.K. (cont.)
The new Payment Services Directive (PSD2) will
extend regulation to payment initiation services.
Lending platforms have also been brought into the

regulatory net.
The UK, for example, makes it a regulated activity to

operate an electronic system in relation to lending.
The area of payments is subject to increasing regulation,

for example, the Interchange Fee Regulation.

Regulatory Framework in Singapore
 Crowdfunding – MAS issued a consultation paper in Feb 2015

to propose “lighter touch” regulation for equity crowdfunding entities,
which are currently required to hold a capital markets services licence
 In June 2016, MAS moved to improve access to crowdfunding for startups and
small and medium enterprises by:
 allowing operators of securities based crowdfunding (SCF) to rely on
existing regulations for small offers, raise funds from retail investors and
reduce the necessary vetting of retail investors; and
 reducing the financial requirements for SCF platform operators that want
to raise funds through SCF only from accredited and institutional
investors.
 Bitcoins – MAS regulates virtual currencies for AML/CFT risks. Proposed
regulation of digital currency exchanges under provision for startups that
provide money transmission and conversion services in August 2016.

Regulatory Framework in Singapore (cont.)
 Digital payments – innovation among banks with regulatory support
 Fast and Secure Transfers (“FAST”) in March 2014 – participating banks make
domestic fund transfers to another almost instantaneously from computers or mobile
devices.
 Retail banks have their own mobile wallets or mobile payment applications
 DBS PayLah!, UOB Mobile Cash, OCBC Pay Anyone, StanChart Dash, Maybank Mobile
Money
 MAS wants to reduce the role of cash and checks in its economy by encouraging switch to
digital payments. MAS is asking banks to pass on to consumers the full cost of paper-
intensive services, like check processing.
 Disruptive innovation center
 MetLife LumenLab launched in July 2015 with support of government and EDB to
develop disruptive business models in wellness, wealth and retirement
 Looking glass @ MAS launched August 2016 to allow MAS to experiment with
FinTech solutions for financial institutions, startups and technology vendors

Regulatory Framework in Hong Kong
 Stored value facilities and retail payment systems
 New licensing regime introduced Nov 2015 to regulate both
physical and non-physical device-based forms of SVFs; and
 designated RPSs (eg. larger payment card schemes, merchant
acquirers, payment gateways and mobile infrastructure)
 Digital payments –
 HKMA revised supervisory policy Sept 2015 enabling licensed
lenders to provide P2P small-value payment and mobile services
 Banking sector has adopted enhanced retail payment services:
e-Cheque, Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment (“EBPP”)
system, and Near Field Communication (“NFC”) mobile payments
 SFC/ HKMA guidance notes/ circulars –
 e.g.: Potential risks and regulations applicable to crowdfunding; AML
risks associated with Virtual Commodities (Bitcoin) etc.

US Financial Regulatory System: Overview
Fragmented Structure
‒ The US financial regulatory Industry
system is a multi-layered,
fragmented system. Consumer Mandate
‒ 5 federal agencies directly
examine and supervise Determinants
financial institutions, and 20+ of Regulatory
Authority
federal agencies regulate
various aspects of financial
Location Activity
products.
‒ Many parallel regulatory
agencies exist in each of the Product
individual states.

FinTech Regulation in the US
 Any financial institution (including a FinTech company) is likely to be

impacted by multiple federal and state regulatory authorities.
 In addition to the federal regulations, regulations at the individual state level
may apply to specific businesses or activities, such as:
 Money transmitter licensure requirements
 Consumer lender registration requirements
 Investment advisor regulations
 There is no unified definition or scope of FinTech regulation today in the
U.S., though regulators are considering possibilities, including a special
Fintech charter.
 Each FinTech company must evaluate its regulatory environment on an
individual basis in order to identify which regulatory agencies have authority
over the company and which laws and regulations apply to the company
and its activities.

Regulatory Initiatives to
Encourage FinTech
Regulatory Sandbox
 A “regulatory sandbox” is a safe space where businesses

can test innovative products without immediately incurring the
normal regulatory consequences (e.g., no enforcement actions).
 In the UK, the FCA will authorize sandbox firms with restrictions (non-
banks only), allowing them to test their ideas. However, there have
been doubts over how effective this will be as firms will still need
to be authorized, which requires time and resources.
 Singapore also issued guidance to establish a regulatory sandbox in
June 2016 , though the sandbox will have little involvement by
regulators
 Australia and Hong Kong are also in the process of developing a
regulatory sandbox
 One US regulator is considering a sandbox, though no safe harbors
from regulation would be available

Passport System
‒ Allows a company to “passport” its business to another
country without applying for a separate license in that
country.
‒ System used by the UK and EU (should be watched as
a result of Brexit)
‒ Encourges innovation by significantly reducing the
costs of duplicative applications, audits, and reporting
requirements in multiple jurisdictions
‒ U.S. does not have this concept throughout the many
states

FinTech Bridges
‒ Fintech bridges are cooperation agreements or partnerships
between countries for the purpose of making it easier for FinTech
companies to pursue new opportunities in both countries and
attract investment.
‒ Makes compliance in multiple countries easier and cheaper for
FinTech companies.
‒ Recent Agreements:
 UK and Australia (March 2016)
 Australia and Singapore (April 2016)
 UK and Singapore (May 2016)

Tax Concessions
‒ Governments in pro-FinTech countries are attempting to support the
FinTech industry through tax concessions and/or tax incentives.
‒ Examples:
 Australia – In March 2016, new legislation was introduced providing
significant tax incentives to promote local and foreign investment in
innovative start-ups as part of the National Innovation and Science
Agenda. These incentives included a capital gains tax exemption
and non-refundable carry forward tax offset
 U.K. - The Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme (SEIS), Enterprise
Investment Scheme (EIS), andEntrepreneurs’ Relief on capital gains
tax

Innovation Agencies/Offices
‒ UK and Australia both have innovation hubs to help FinTech start
ups through the authorization process and to provide support in
complying with regulations
‒ Singapore also has an office designed to help startups become
established in the country
‒ The Hong Kong Monetary Authority created a fintech facilitation
office to build a platform for industry liaisons, to be the bridge
between the industry and supervisors and to initiate industry
research
‒ OCC in US looking at establishing Central Innovation Office

Regulatory Approach to Innovation –
Singapore
• FIs are free to launch • Innovation in a • Innovation through co-

new ideas without first “sandbox” creation
seeeking MAS’ • FIs can seek MAS’ • MAS will engage and
endorsement provided guidance on conditions work together with
they are satisfied with for the launch of their industry players to
their own due diligence innovative products or develop rules
(e.g. involving their services
compliance people
early in the innovation
process)
Ownership Sandbox Co-creation

Government Initiatives - Singapore
 Smart Nation and Smart Financial Centre – Singapore

as a FinTech hub
 Financial Sector Technology and Innovation (“FSTI”) - MAS
commits SGD$225m ($167m) over the next 5 years to
FinTech innovation
 Within MAS, FinTech & Innovation Group (“FTIG”) formed
on 1 Aug 2015 - responsible for regulatory policies and
development strategies to facilitate the use of technology
and innovation to better manage risks, enhance efficiency,
and strengthen competitiveness in the financial sector.

Government Initiatives - Singapore
 FTIG Comprised of
 Payments & Technology Solutions office - formulate regulatory
policies and develop strategies for simple, swift and secure payments
and other technology solutions for financial services
 Technology Infrastructure Office - responsible for regulatory policies
and strategies for developing safe and efficient technology enabled
infrastructures for the financial sector, in areas such as cloud
computing, big data, and distributed ledgers.
 Technology Innovation Lab – to scan the horizon for cutting-edge
technologies with potential application to the financial industry and
work with the industry and relevant parties to test-bed innovative new
solutions.
 Government initiated start-up incubator or accelerator
programs

Regulatory Approach to Innovation – Hong
Kong
Existing rules and Facilitate Keep an open mind
regulations can be communication when considering
adequately applied to between regulators whether existing rules
new business models and fintech community should be amended
• Offers to public to • Establish dedicated • Be mindful of evolving
purchase securities: SFO contact points at financial landscape and various
licensing and CO regulators international approaches
registration requirements; • Focus on assisting new • Be open to changing rules
• existing privacy, AML, entrants to understand to support financial
KYC, money-lending and HK’s existing regulatory innovations that benefit
deposit-taking landscape consumers and the
requirements business sector
Apply existing Open

Open Mind
framework Communication

Government Initiatives – Hong Kong
 Steering Group on Financial Technologies: est. April 2015 by FSTB
 Cyber security framework: HKMA to develop cyber security
framework for FIs (involving cyber maturity assessment model; cyber
intelligence sharing platform and professional certification)
 SFC channels:
 Fintech Contact Point (est. March 2016): a dedicated channel to
encourage fintech startups to engage with the SFC
 Fintech Advisory Group (est. March 2016): to focus on opportunities,
risks and regulatory implications of Fintech developments
 Incubation, Accelerator and other funding programs: targeted
funding support for early/seed-stage entrepreneurs: eg, Cyberport
Incubation Programme; Cyberport Accelerator Support Programme; Hong
Kong Science & Technology Parks Corporation Incu-Tech and Incu-App
programmes; Innovation and Technology Venture Fund.

Effect on Existing
Financial Institutions
FinTech Trends in the US
 Increased activity in FinTech from the traditional banking industry

 Major banks have made strategic
investments in FinTech companies
that are disrupting traditional
banking segments, with significant
overlap among the banks’
investments.
 45 banks have joined the R3
project to develop sector-wide
standards for blockchain.
 Some banks are creating their own
online lending platforms (e.g.
Goldman Sachs), while others are
forming partnerships (e.g.
JPMorgan and OnDeck).

Bank Investment in FinTech
‒ Many major banks around the world now have either a startup
program to incubate fintech companies, is putting aside venture
capital to fund them or is partnering with, acquiring or launching
their own fintech startup.
‒ Barclays is creating a global community for fintech innovation,
including opening an accelerator in New York’s Silicon Alley.
‒ Within AsiaPacific, ANZ Bank has appointed “an international
panel of technology experts” to advise its Board on the strategic
application of new and emerging technologies and technological
trends that could affect the bank’s strategy

Banks vs. Startups - Challenges
‒ Banks: ‒ Startups:
 Banks are investing more heavily in  startups are trying to
innovation, but haven’t fully diffused navigate the regulatory
their innovation strategies
throughout their organizations landscape
 Banks will have to find a way to  startups will have to find a
develop new platforms compatible
with infrastructure way to maintain
 Digital disruption has the potential to profitability while facing
shrink the role and relevance of increased regulations,
today’s banks, and simultaneously
help them create better, faster,
higher costs, and larger
cheaper services that make them infrastructures that will be
an even more essential part of more difficult to change
everyday life for institutions and
individuals and manage

Existing FIs vs. FinTech – Regulatory Obligations
‒ Existing FIs have defined and known regulatory

licensure and compliance obligations – banking and
securities
‒ New Fintech companies, in certain jurisdictions (e.g.,
UK), have lighter regulation, which makes it easier and
cheaper for them to compete
‒ In other jurisdictions, such as the U.S., because of lack
of regulation of certain Fintech companies, licensure
and compliance obligations can be more costly and
burdensome

Challenges Facing Fintech in U.S. – Regulatory
Perspective
‒ In the U.S., banks and financial institutions have a clear
understanding of regulators and regulations.
‒ No definitive regulations or regulators for FinTech firms yet.
Proposals by regulators indicate that regulators are approaching
FinTech regulation through existing structure and without
coordination with other regulators, even with respect to the same
technology.
‒ U.S. regulators are asserting examination and enforcement
authority without clear regulations or guidance (e.g., CFTC finding
through enforcement action that bitcoin is a commodity and must
be licensed/regulated to participate in bitcoin derivative
transactions)

Advantages Banks have over FinTech
Reasons why nonbank fintech firms still face big challenges in competing with
banks:
‒ Banks have have history and trust with their customers
 Banks are far too ingrained with their customers to be removed within any
foreseeable time frame. Business partners and customers have been using
the services of banks since well before the technology boom. There is a
history and trust that exists between banks and their customers that fintech is
still years away from rivaling.
‒ Banks have the deeper pockets
 The market capitalization of FinTech companies is significantly lower than
traditional banks. Banks also usually have better name recognition. Having
such a large market cap is a signal of security to customers. On the other
hand, smaller cap companies are more susceptible to turbulence and market
volatility — things business customers would rather avoid.

Bank Advantages (cont.)
‒ Banks’ have larger sales forces and customer service
infrastructure.
 Banks maintain robust sales and development programs. Although
Fintech has made strides in improving the efficiency and ease of use
for consumer products, traditional financial institutions have the
physical sales force that is best equipped to help customers
recognize and navigate technological and structural changes.
 Fintech companies usually have smaller marketing and sales
organizational structures, favoring digital solutions over humans.
Customers often need and prefer personal interaction and
confirmation when dealing with money management and making any
changes.

Bank Advantages (cont.)
‒ Banks have big data.
 Although several fintech startups are exploring big data
opportunities, banks still have the upper hand with respect to
big data.
 After years of data collection, banks have amassed large
incumbent customer bases and data records regarding
customer transactions and behavior. This information is a
tremendous asset that banks posses, not fintech companies.
This data can be leveraged to identify customers ripe for new
payment services and to mitigate and underwrite risk in
innovative ways.

Takeaways
‒ Banks should continue to monitor developments in the
FinTech space, including regulation, new products and
activities
‒ Banks should be proactive in determining how they can
compete or partner with Fintech companies to provide
more efficient and desirable services to customers
‒ Banks should look at how Fintech companies can
assist with meeting regulatory obligations and reducing
risk through innovative technologies

FinTech and Regulation
Baker & McKenzie LLP is a member firm of Baker & McKenzie International, a Swiss Verein with member law firms around the world. In accordance with the common
terminology used in professional service organisations, reference to a "partner" means a person who is a partner, or equivalent, in such a law firm. Similarly, reference to an
"office" means an office of any such law firm.

2 Kim Prior - FinTech

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 Kim Prior - FinTech

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 Kim Prior - FinTech

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FinTech and Regulation

September 22, 2016

‒ Describes the intersection Payments

financial services offerings

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 4

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 5

Peer to peer or marketplace lending platforms

On-line payment accounts

Payment initiation services

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 8

‒ Marketplace or “peer-to-peer” lending platforms make a profit from

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 10

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 11

 Figures show the largest usage of mobile payments

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 12

 Mobile payment solutions may involve a mobile

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 13

 A ‘blockchain’ is the cryptographic technology

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 14

 “Robo Adviser” for investments – automated wealth

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 15

 “Big Data” means:

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 16

 Offers can be driven by analytics into a combination of

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 17

 RegTech broadly means technologies that facilitate

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 18

User Cheaper and

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 19

 Businesses focused on the “Tech” and not the “Fin”

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 20

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 22

Regulatory Agency Authority

• Activities & Applicable Laws & Regulations

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 24

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 25

Regulation can facilitate but also be a barrier to entry

EU “lighter touch” regimes: The Payment Services

Permit e.g., payment accounts/prepaid cards

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 26

Lending platforms have also been brought into the

The UK, for example, makes it a regulated activity to

The area of payments is subject to increasing regulation,

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 27

 Crowdfunding – MAS issued a consultation paper in Feb 2015

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 28

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 29

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 30

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 31

 Any financial institution (including a FinTech company) is likely to be

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 32

 A “regulatory sandbox” is a safe space where businesses

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 34

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 35

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 36

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 37

© 2016 Baker & McKenzie LLP 38

• FIs are free to launch • Innovation in a • Innovation through co-

Ownership Sandbox Co-creation