INTRODUCTION

 With rapid urbanization and ever increasing population

growth there has been a substantial increase in the
generation of solid waste & contamination of air, water
and land resources.
 The solid wastes from different municipalities, not
managed properly, have been creating problems for
human health and environment.
 Some of the solid wastes have been proved to be
extremely toxic and infectious.
 The uncontrolled dumping of such wastes have not only
brought about increasing number of incidents of health
hazard but also causing the surface and ground water
contamination and thus posing serious environmental
threat to the human being.
 The present study would deal with, how
Geographical Information System (GIS)
and Remote sensing techniques can be
used as a decision support tool for
planning waste management.
 Source of information
 The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation ward
boundary map from Town Planning Department of
GVMC.

 Assessment of the existing solid waste management

system in the study area through interview with the
employee working with waste management, survey
conducted through the questionnaire to the case study
area residents,

 Survey Of India Toposheet of the Study Area

 Satellite Image

 The other various information was collected through

 Scope
 The efficiency of solid waste disposal depends
upon selection of proper site and there are
several issues that have impacts for site
selection.
 The two main reasons for undertaking the
present study are rapid growth in population
and urban sprawl leading to an increase in the
amount of waste generated.
 The scope of the work is to use the latest
techniques of GIS and Remote Sensing to select
a favorable site for solid waste disposal in urban
area like Visakhapatnam.
 Objectives
 To study the existing system of storage, collection,
transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW in the
Study Area, Visakhapatnam City.
 Quantitative assessment of solid wastes generated
from different sectors in the study area.
 To create spatial digital database consisting of base
map, land use/ land cover, drainage, road network
maps with the help of merged product of LISS III &
PAN of IRS-1D, SOI toposheets and ground data on
ARC/INFO GIS platform.
 To select a site where the greatest protection of
environment is provided using the latest techniques of
GIS and Remote Sensing
 Study Area
 The present study entitled “USE OF GIS
IN IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITE
FOR LANDFILL IN VISAKHAPATNAM” was
carried out in Visakhapatnam, “the city of
destiny”.
Map showing study area
LAND USE DETAILS OF VISAKHAPATNAM CITY
Land Use Area, Ha Percentage to total

Residential 4027.78 53.75

Commercial 99.48 1.34
Industrial 163.40 2.18
Transportation 550.20 7.34
Recreational 582.38 7.77
Water Courses 158.91 2.12
Restricted Area 130.00 1.73
Agricultural 719.85 9.61
Public and Semi-Public 662.50 8.84
Vacant Land 398.72 5.32
Total 7493.20 100.00
CHART SHOWING LANDUSE DETAILS
OF VISAKHAPATNAM CITY
Land Use Of Visakhpatnam City
Public & SeVmaic- ant Land, 5%
Public, 9%
Residential
Commercial
Agricultural, 10% Industrial

Transportation

estricted Area, 2% Recreational

Water Courses, 2% Residential, 54% Water Courses
Restricted Area
Recreational, 8%
Agricultural
Public & Semi-Public
Transportation, 7%
InCdoum
stmriearlc,ia2l%
, 1% Vacant Land
 Contribution of GIS in SWM
 There are several phases in solid waste
management, right from the stage where
it is generated till it reaches its final
destination or at a stage where it is no
more a threat to the environment.
 It is observed that solid waste
management can be bifurcated into mainly
two phases.
 One is the waste management in the area
where it is generated and second is the
management of waste at dumping
 GIS could help in dealing with several
factors simultaneously which needs to be
considered while planning waste
management.
 “GIS is a system of computer hardware
and software, designed to allow users to
collect, manage, analyse and retrieve
large volume of spatially referenced data
and associated attribute data collected
from a variety of sources.”
 Thus, the purpose of this paper is to
demonstrate the use of GIS and remote
sensing techniques to identify appropriate
areas which are suitable for reasonable,
convenient, and administratively
transparent waste-disposal siting in
Visakhapatnam.
 Functional elements
S o lid w a s te M a n a g e m e n t

W a s t e G e n e r a t io n

C o lle c t i o n

S e p a ra ti o n
P r o c e s s in g

T r a n s fe r a n d tra n s p o rt

D is p o s a l
 WASTE GENERATION –
MATERIAL BALANCE

STORED MATERIAL
(raw material, products, solid waste)

OUT FLOW: Materials, products, Solid wastes,

Combustion gases and ashes
 ON-SITE HANDLING

 Handling of solid waste until they are

placed in the containers used for their
storage before collection
 Domestic Solid Waste
 Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste
 ON-SITE STORAGE
a) Types of containers
b) Container location
c) Public Health & aesthetics
d) Collection method
ON-SITE PROCESSING
a) Recover usable material : Manual sorting
b) Reduce the volume : Compaction
c) Alter the physical form : Incineration
 Waste storage
 Providing the system of waste storage on
the road side the major activity Primary
Waste Storage facilities are made available
by GVMC along streets and near
commercial complexes. In addition,
shopkeepers at a few commercial
complexes provide bins for public use.
GVMC has about 598 dumper placer
container for storage of waste
DISTRIBUTION OF DUMPER PLACER
CONTAINERS BY ZONE
ZONE NUMBER DUMPER PLACER
CONTAINER
1 19
2 170
3 180
4 146
5 55
6 28
 Collection and transportation
 Primary collection
 Secondary collection
 Primary Waste Collection
 Primary waste collection is the important essential step
of solid waste management activity. Primary collection
system is necessary to ensure that the waste stored at
source is collected regularly and it is not disposed of on
the streets, drains, water bodies, etc.

 The collection of solid waste from the door to door

households, shops, and establishment is called primary
collection. GVMC has provided Pushcarts (6 tubs),
Tricycles to collect the solid waste from the households,
commercial establishments etc
 Secondary collection

collection of solid waste for the second time,

i.e. from community collection points,
prior to its transport (often as part of a
collection round by larger vehicles) to a
transfer station, treatment facility or
disposal site.
Solid waste collection
 WASTE TRANSPORT
 Transportation of waste stored at waste storage depots
at regular intervals is essential. The collection and
transportation of waste is practiced on all the days of the
year including the public holidays. In GVMC, waste stored
in open spaces is either loaded manually or with
the help of loaders in trucks.
 The vehicles involved in the solid waste
transportation in Visakhapatnam include dumper placers,
tractors, mini vans, tippers (big & small). Dumper
placers will carry the bin and unload the waste at the
transfer station and will perform on an average of 12
trips per day. Mini tippers transport the waste from the
open secondary collection points to transfer stations.
 VEHICLE S AVAILABLE FOR TRANSPORTATION OF MSW IN
VISAKHAPATNAM

Types of Vehicles Number

S. No
1 Dumper Placer Vehicle 43
2 Big Tipper 10
3 Mini Tipper 2
4 Tractors 1
5 Dead Body Van 1
6 Vans 13
Vehicles at Disposal Site
1 JCB 3
2 Bull Dozer 1
Dumper Placer Vehicle
Mini Tipper
Big Tipper
 TRANSFER STATION
 Being Visakhapatnam is the big city and waste generation is more
and the disposal site is far from the city, transfer station is
established to transfer the waste from dumper placers and trucks.
 The transfer station is located at town road. The collection vehicle
like dumper placers, tippers and tractors will pick up the waste from
the secondary open collection points and dumper bins and transfer
the waste directly in transfer stations.
 A ramp facility is also provided to facilitate unloading of vehicles or
dumper placer containers, directly into large containers at transfer
station.
 Waste is weighed at Weigh Bridge at the entrance gate, a record is
being maintained for in time, out time, weight of the solid waste
disposing in to the transfer station and vehicle number. The big
tipper (20 ton capacity) transport the waste to disposal site located
at Kapuluppada which is 25kms away from the city.
Weigh Bridge
TRANSFER STATION
 DISPOSAL OF WASTE
 Currently, the city disposes all of their waste at a Kapuluppada
disposal site. This site is operating for the last 5 years with 100
acres.

 3 JCB and 1 bulldozer are employed at GVMC for solid waste

management, including the operation of the waste disposal site.

 The existing waste disposal site is a dumpsite with no leachate

collection and treatment system and does not meet the current
requirements of the MSW 2000 Rules.

 Open burning of waste, indiscriminate disposal, presence of stray

animal & rag pickers at the disposal site and leachate migration into
the river are common occurrences.
Kapuluppada Dumping yard
 COMPOSTING

 Composting: The controlled biological

decomposition of organic matter, such as
food and yard wastes, into humus, a soil-
like material.

 Composting is nature's way of recycling

organic wastes into new soil
 BENEFITS OF COMPOSTING

 Keeps organic wastes out of landfills.

 Provides nutrients to the soil.
 Increases beneficial soil organisms (e.g.,
worms).
 Suppresses certain plant diseases.
 Reduces the need for fertilizers and
pesticides.
 Protects soils from erosion.
 Assists pollution remediation.
COMPOSTING

Geosynthic Clay Layer

Pulverization Equipment
Composting Beds
F-'oslpro sm
 DETAILS OF RECYCLABLES
S. N0 Category Waste generation in kg per
month
1. plastics 150-180
2. milkcover 250-300
3. cardboard 350
4. Broken glasses 1000
5. Mica papers 1000
6. Waste papers 2500
7. iron 50-60
8. Tube lights 400-500no/month
9. aluminum 1-2
10.
 TOTAL WASTE GENERATED
s.no Type of waste Waste Percentage waste
generated(tons/day) compostion
1. Domestic house hold 464.00 62.87
waste
2. Commercial 36.00 4.87
Establishments waste
3. Hotels & Restaurants 16.79 2.27
4. Institutional waste 3.94 054

5. Parks & Gardens 4.50 0.60

6. Street sweeping waste 61.08 8.28
7. Waste from Drains 63.28 8.58
8. Markets 60.00 8.10
9. Temples 2.24 0.30
 Drains
8. Markets 60.00 8.10
9. Temples 2.24 0.30

10. Chicken, 4.91 0.67

Mutton, Beef.
Fish stalls
11. Slaughter 2.40 0.35
houses
12. Cinema halls 0.22 0.04
13. Function halls 18.60 2.53
Total W aste 738 100
SOURCES OF WASTE GENERATION
IN VISAKHAPATNAM
 Solid Waste Site Selection
Criteria
 A number of essential factors are considered in
locating landfill sites. Such factors include both
physical and social environments.
 The essential factors: Topography, Climate,
Surface and Ground Water Hydrology, Geology,
Cover material (Land Cover), and Land Uses.
 Due to data constraints, we used Topography,
Surface hydrology, Existing settlements,
Sensitive area and Land development (Roads
etc.) of the area as guides to site selection.
 Landfill criteria
 Must not be located within 160 meters of a wetland
 Must not be located within 160 meters of a sensitive
area.
 Must not be located within 200 meters of an existing
waste site.
 Must not be located within 1000 meters of an existing
settlement.
 Must be located within 300 meters of major road.
 No landfill should be constructed within critical habitat
area.
 No landfill should be constructed within 3048 m(10,000
ft) of any airport.
 Not be located on or within 500 m of sites of historic
importance.
 WASTE DISPOSAL
LAND FILLING
 Process by which residual solid waste is placed in a
landfill

LAND FORMING
 Biological, chemical, and physical processes that occur in
the surface of the soil are used to treat the
biodegradable industrial wastes

DEEP WELL INJECTION

 Injection of the wastes deep in the ground into
permeable rock formation or underground caverns.
 WASTE DISPOSAL- LANDFILL

 LAND FILLING involves the controlled

disposal of solid waste on or in the upper
layer of the earth’s mantle.

TYPES OF LANDFILLS
 Sanitary Landfill
 Engineered Landfill
 Secured Landfill
 WASTE DISPOSAL- LANDFILL

CELL is used to describe the volume of material

placed in a landfill during one operating period,
usually one day
LIFT a complete layer of cells over the active
area of the landfill
Landfills for
 Municipal Solid Waste
 Milled waste
 Monofills
 Fills for gas production
 LANDFILLS

METHODS
 Excavated Cell or Trench method
 Area or Mound method
 Canyon/Depression method
 Excavated Cell or Trench Method
Suitable to areas where:
 Adequate depth of cover material is
available at the site
 The water table is not near the surface
 Typical trench: 60 to 300 m x 5 to 20 m x
1 m; SS: 1.5 to 2:1
Trench landfill
 Area Method
Suitable to areas where:
 The terrain is hard to excavate
 High ground water table
 Haul the cover material from other borrow
pits nearby
 Leachate control system is necessary
Mound landfill
 Canyon or Depression Method
Suitability:
 When canyons, dry borrow pits, quarries,
mine pits or holes, natural depressions
are available
 Cost of surface drainage
 Availability and haul distances of the cover
material
Depression Method
 LANDFILLS- DESIGN

 Land requirement
 Types of wastes handled
 Evaluation of seepage potential
 Drainage and seepage control facilities
 Leachate management plan
 Gas collection system
 Solid waste filling plan
 Development of operation plan
 Equipment requirements
 Methodology
 The figure demonstrates the
methodology adopted for the use of GIS in
identification of landfill in the study area.
 The flow of the model indicates the
different steps carried in the methodology.
 - MAP
r--------, ' DATA
CITY - - < Data r- - ' r- - - - -
INFORMATION :-- "!':._c --: -.J SPATIAL DATA PREPARATION OFDATA BASE

- ATIRIBUTE DATA
•'
INFORMATION
FROM INTERVIEW.
QUESTIONNAIREAND
OTHERSOURCES GEO-R·Ef ERENCING

.....:::..·.•.. ... ::;.- DIGITIZING

·.........·•··
't
ANALYSISOF PRESENT .·. ·.·..··.·..·1. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..:
r-- --- SITUATION ·. . . , ..............; . PR
__
M_A_R_
v _o_A_TA
_ _ _, - -,

r--I ------------
1 Den·vah'ons from the :
:_ __ :e S !_ _ __ J
I

- PROBLEMS DUETO WASTE MGM . ..

-
LIMITATIONS/RESTRICTIONS
· I I
,,
I
' \

L
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1--; _;-c7F;;;- 1
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- ..... I- - - - - .......- - - - . J 1
MODEL DESGN
T · GISAPPLICATIONSIN SWM I
E , . '
R
· EXISTING MODEl STUDY - ..... ·-·-·-·-·-·-t-·-·-·-·-·-,
I DESGNOf MODEL i
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·-·-·-·-·-··....-·-·-·-·-·..
u
R
· LITERATUREANALYSIS - ..,.:
•'
1mp{ementatton of Model on the case
E study area i.e . 'P1imary Data' usin g ....- .
ArcVie \'I a n d ArcMo p

't
RESULTS
STUDY AREA
STUDY AREA
BUFFERS
Major Roads
Major Roads (300 m Buffer)
Other Road Network
Endangered Areas
Endangered Areas (500 m Buffer)
Sensitive Areas
Sensitive Areas (160 m Buffer)
Residential Areas
Residential Areas (1000 m Buffer)
Wet Lands
Wet Lands (160 m Buffer)
ALL Buffers
Proposed & Existing Sites
 Software Used
81 Monday, February 03, 2014
 Software Used
82 Monday, February 03, 2014