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CPU Memory RAM ROM

The CPU controls the functions of the system and is inserted into the motherboard's socket. Memory stores programs and data, including RAM and ROM. RAM is a read-write memory used by the CPU during program execution and is volatile, needing power to retain data. ROM is a non-volatile read-only memory used to store permanent boot programs. RAM technologies have evolved from DIP to SIMM to DIMM. DRAM must be periodically refreshed while SRAM retains data without refresh but is more expensive.

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Michael Ben
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201 views

CPU Memory RAM ROM

The CPU controls the functions of the system and is inserted into the motherboard's socket. Memory stores programs and data, including RAM and ROM. RAM is a read-write memory used by the CPU during program execution and is volatile, needing power to retain data. ROM is a non-volatile read-only memory used to store permanent boot programs. RAM technologies have evolved from DIP to SIMM to DIMM. DRAM must be periodically refreshed while SRAM retains data without refresh but is more expensive.

Uploaded by

Michael Ben
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CPU Memory RAM ROM

CPU (Main Processor)


• The main component of the motherboard is
the main processor chip which controls all the
inner functions of the system.

• The central processing system functions as the


brain of every PC.
• CPU is inserted to the socket provided for it on
the motherboard, and is not soldered on to
the motherboard

• - hence replacement very easy.

• - One can choose CPU according to ones


requirement and budget.
Memory
• Place where computer stores program

• TWO TYPES

• RAM
• ROM
RAM Memory
• Random Access Memory is a read/write
type of memory used by the processor to
keep program , data and intermediate
result during the program executions.

• It is a volatile type of memory, it loose its


content when power supply to it is
switched off.
• Note :
• Any information in the volatile
memory or RAM is
transferred to some
permanent storage device
such as Floppy disk or hard
disk before switching off the
computer.
• Physical installation of RAM memory on
motherboard can take place in various ways.

• DIP (Dual In –line Pin) memory chip were used


in initial motherboard

• Later SIMM ( Single Inline Memory Modules)


became common

• Currently DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)


are most common
• RAM is used inside the computer to store
program , data and results.

• Organization of memory
• Any part of the memory can be accessed
without going through the previous parts

• Two of the common RAM are


• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• SRAM(Static RAM)
Dynamic RAM
• Used as the main memory as it is cheaper
than static RAM

• DRAM utilizes capacitors to store information .


Problem- Once some data is stored into it ;it
cant retain data for long time unless the data
is refreshed after some time.
• Refreshing the DRAM is done by rewriting the
content of the memory every few millisecond.
Else it looses it contents.
Bit line
Word line

T
C

A single-transistor dynamic memory cell


b b

T1 T2
X Y

Word line

Bit lines

A static RAM cell.


Static Memories
• The circuits are capable of retaining their state as long
as power is applied (hence state is static).
• 2 inverters are cross connected to forma latch
• The latch is connected to 2 bit lines by transistors T1
and T2.
• Transistors act as switches that can be opened or closed
under control of word lines.
• When the word line is of ground level, the transistors is
turned off and retains its state.
b b

T1 T2
X Y

Word line

Bit lines

A static RAM cell.


Read operation
• To read the state of SRAM cell, the word line is
activated to close switches T1 and T2.
• If the cell is in state 1, the signal on bit line b is
high and the signal on bit b’ is low. Opposite is
true if the state is 0.(b & b’ are compliments of
each other)
• Sense /write circuits at the end of the bit lines
monitor the state of b &b’ and the set the
output accordingly.
Write operation
• The state of cell is set by placing the appropriate
value on bit line b and its compliment on b’ and
then activate the word line.
• This forces the cell into the corresponding state.
• The required signals on the bit lines are
generated by the sense/write circuit.
SRAM VS DRAM
SRAM DRAM
• Very fast • Slower than SRAM
• Very Expensive • Cheaper than SRAM
• Used in Cache memory • Used in most computer
and CPU register as main memory
• Need to be refreshed
periodically
ROM Memory
• It is a Read Only type memory.
• Data is written into it by the
manufacturer.
• It is non volatile type of memory
• Motherboard normally contains one
or more of these ROM chips.
• Memory capacity of ROM varies from one
system to another.

• 64 KiloBytes was normally sufficient for XT


system, whereas a P4 based motherboard
require 2MegaByte or more ROM.

• ROM is used inside the computer to keep


permanent information such as the “boot
program” which is required each time the
machine is switched on.

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