Solvent Extraction (Liquid-Liquid Extraction/LLE)

SOLVENT EXTRACTION
(Liquid-liquid Extraction/LLE)
Liquid-liquid extraction
WHAT IS SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Solvent extraction is a selective
separation procedure for isolating,
separation, purification and
concentrating a valuable substance
from an aqueous solutions with the aid of
an organic solution.
THE PROCESS OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Distribution of a solute
between two immiscible liquid
phases in contact with each
other.
Phases to be separated: solid,
liquid, gas, supercritical liquid
Requirements for extraction phases:

-Immiscible each other
-LLE : differences in dense
Organic phase • Organic solvents less

(phase 1)

dense than water: diethyl
Water phase ether, toluene, hexane
(phase 2)
• Organic solvents more
dense than water:
chloroform, CCl4,
dichloromethane.
DISTRIBUTION RATIO OF SOLUTE
PROCESS:
•The solved solute A in one phase (ex: aqueous phase,
aq) is extracted into another phase (ex: organic phase,
org) which has lower density than the first phase.
[A]o
• During shaking, solute A is distributed between the two
phases until the equilibrium is reached
[A]aq
• When distribution reaches equilibrium, the
concentration distribution of solute A in two phases is
stated by Nernst distribution law:
[ A]o
K D, A 
[ A]aq
(molA,eq / Vo )

(molA,initial  molA,eq ) / Vaq
KD,A is the partition coefficient of the solute A between two phases.
The partition coefficient (KD) is an equilibrium constant and has a fixed

value for the solute’s partitioning between the two phases.
Example 1:
10 mL of A 0.1 M is extracted to 5 ml of chloroform. The number of

residue A after equilibrium is 0.03 M. Determine the partition coefficient
between two phases:
The initial number of A = 0.1 mmol/mL x 10 mL = 1 mmol

The residue number of A = 0.03 mmol/mL x 10 mL = 0.3 mmol
The number of A distributed in chloroform when equilibrium =
1.0 mmol – 0.3 mmol = 0.7 mmol
The A concentration in chloroform = 0.7 mmol / 5 mL = 0.14 M
KD,A = [A]chloroform / [A]aq,eq = 0.14 M / 0.03 M = 4.7

[ A]o
KD 
[ A]aq
(1  q )mol / Vo
KD 
qmol / Vaq
Vaq
q
K DVo  Vaq
q = fraction of A remains in aqueous phase (phase 1) at equilibrium

1-q = fraction of A distributes in organic phase (phase 2) at equilibrium
% E  (1  q).100%
Example 2:
Solute A has a partition coefficient of 4.0 between hexane and water. If
150.0 mL of 0.03 M of aqueous A is extracted with 600.0 mL of hexane,
what (1) fraction of A and mole A remain in aqueous phase, and (2) % E,?
150 mL
q
(4.0 x 600.0 mL)  150 mL
q  0.05882
% E  (1  0.05882).100%
% E  94.12%
Moles of A remains in aqueous phase = 0.05882 x 0.03 M x 150 mL

= 0.2647 mmol
MULTIPLE EXTRACTION
Solute A is extracted to organic phase

with multiple volume
Example 3:
What fraction of A remains in aqueous n

phase if A is extracted six times of  V1 
100 mL of hexane (Use data in 
q ( n)   
example 2)  KV2  V1 
6
So: There is 0.0004115 fraction of A  150.0mL 
remains in aqueous phase after six q(6 x)   
time extraction, each with 100 mL  4(100 mL )  150.0 mL 
 0.0004115
Number of A remains =
0.0004115 x 0.03 M x 150 mL = 0.001852 mmol

Conclusion of ex. 2 vs ex 3
- % Extraction of A after one time extraction of 600 mL of organic

phase = 94.12 %
- % Extraction of A after six times extraction with each 100 mL of

organic phase = 99.96%
It is more efficient carrying out an extraction several times with

small volume of organic phase than performing ones time
extraction with high volume of organic phase
EXTRACTION OF WEAK ACID/BASE
• Dissociation of organic acids/ bases in aqueous phase:
Ka
HA H+ + A-
Kb
B + H2O BH++ OH-
Partition of Organic Acid between two immiscible phases
HA H+ + A-
Organic
K
Aqueous Ka
HA H+ + A-
Neutral species are more soluble in organic phase and charged

species are more soluble in aqueous phase
When acids/ bases can exist in different forms, the distribution coefficient
(D) is used instead of the partition coefficient (KD)
HA H+ + A-
Organic
KD
Aqueous Ka
HA H+ + A-
[ HA]o
D
[ HA]aq  [ A  ]aq
[ HA]o

K a [ HA]aq
[ HA]aq 
[ H  ]aq
[ HA]o

 Ka 
[ HA]aq 1  
 [ H  ]aq 
 
KD

Ka
1
[ H  ]aq
 K  K D[H  ]
D1  a   K D OR D
 [H ]  [H  ]  Ka
[H+] >> Ka [H+] = Ka

K
or pH =pKa
D Mainly HA Mainly A-
[H+] << Ka
pH
The value of the distribution ratio (D), however, changes with solution
conditions
Example 4.
Two organic acids with pKa = 4 (acid 1) and pKa = 8 (acid 2) are
extracted into organic phase at pH 6. Draw the scheme of extraction
and determine which acid is more extracted into organic phase
K1
At pH =6, acid 1 exist mainly
as A- (pH > pKa) and acid 2
K2 exist mainly as HA (pH < pKa),
so acid 2 is more extracted into
organic phase and acid 1 stays
D in aqueous phase
4 6 8 pH
TASK
• 0,5 M asam HA 25 mL (Ka = 10-4) akan
diekstrak kedalam 10 mL fasa organik Jika
nilai Kd adalah 5,0:
– Dapatkan HA diekstraksi ke fasa organik
pada pH 10? (Jelaskan disertai
perhitungan)?
– Berapakah % HA yang terekstraksi kedalam
fasa organik jika ekstraksi dilakukan pada
pH 3?
K D[H  ]
D
[H  ]  Ka
5(10 3 )
D  3
10  10  4
Va
q
DVo  Va
% E  (1  q).100%

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SOLVENT EXTRACTION

THE PROCESS OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Requirements for extraction phases:

Organic phase • Organic solvents less

KD,A is the partition coefficient of the solute A between two phases.

The partition coefficient (KD) is an equilibrium constant and has a fixed

10 mL of A 0.1 M is extracted to 5 ml of chloroform. The number of

The initial number of A = 0.1 mmol/mL x 10 mL = 1 mmol

The A concentration in chloroform = 0.7 mmol / 5 mL = 0.14 M

KD,A = [A]chloroform / [A]aq,eq = 0.14 M / 0.03 M = 4.7

q = fraction of A remains in aqueous phase (phase 1) at equilibrium

Moles of A remains in aqueous phase = 0.05882 x 0.03 M x 150 mL

Solute A is extracted to organic phase

What fraction of A remains in aqueous n

0.0004115 x 0.03 M x 150 mL = 0.001852 mmol

- % Extraction of A after one time extraction of 600 mL of organic

- % Extraction of A after six times extraction with each 100 mL of

It is more efficient carrying out an extraction several times with

• Dissociation of organic acids/ bases in aqueous phase:

Neutral species are more soluble in organic phase and charged

[H+] >> Ka [H+] = Ka

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