I. Introduction of Surveying
I. Introduction of Surveying
I. Introduction of Surveying
RV
EYI
FUNDAMENTALS
NG
OF
SURVEYING
SU Surveying, which has recently also
RV
EYI been interchangeably called
NG Geomatics, has traditionally been
defined as the science, art, and
technology of determining the
relative positions above, on, or
beneath the Earth’s surface, or of
establishing such points.
SU
What is the
RV
EYI importance of
NG
Surveying to
Civil
Engineers???
The Early Days of
Surveying…
1400 BC
Herodotus recorded that Sesostris divided
SU
the land of Egypt. The Egyptians first used it to
RV
EYI accurately divide land into plots for the use of
NG taxation.
120 B.C.
Greeks developed the science of geometry
and were using it for precise land division.
Greeks also developed the first piece of
surveying equipment (Diopter). They
standardized procedures for conducting surveys
The Early Days of
Surveying…
• 1800 A.D.
Beginning of the industrial revolution
SU The importance of “exact boundaries” and
RV the demand for public improvements (i.e.
EYI railroads, canals, roads) brought surveying into a
NG prominent position. More accurate instruments
were developed.
Science of Geodetic and Plane were
developed.
Surveying Today…
MINE SURVEYS
The practice of measuring and mapping on-ground
or underground points for the purpose of exploiting
and utilizing mineral deposits.
SU
RV
EYI
NG
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS
SU
RV ERRORS MISTAKES
EYI
Difference between true value Due to carelessness,
NG
and the observed value inattention, poor
Often beyond control of the judgement, and improper
one performing the operation execution
Inherent in all measurements
Also caused by a
which cannot be avoided
misunderstanding,
Maybe caused by the type of
inexperience, or
equipment, imperfections of
senses indiference of the
surveyor.
Sources of errors in making observations:
SU
RV Natural errors
EYI Instrumental errors
NG
Personal errors
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
SU SYSTEMATIC/CUMULATIVE ERRORS
RV
EYI Errors resulting from the observer, the
NG instrument, and the environment. The nature of
this type of error is cumulative meaning it tends
to increase in magnitude so long as the condition
remains constant.
ACCIDENTAL/RANDOM ERRORS
These are errors beyond the control of the
surveyor. They are probabilistic in nature and
often tends to cancel out. They are still present
even after systematic errors and mistakes have
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
PRECISION refers to the degree of consistency of a group
SU of observations.
RV
EYI ACCURACY refers to the closeness of a measurement to its
NG true value.
Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors
SU Compare several observations and identify mistakes
RV (cast out or repeat).
EYI Repetitive observations can minimize mistakes.
NG
Systematic errors can be calculated and proper
corrections applied to the observations.
MOST PROBABLE VALUE
As discussed, no observation is completely free from
SU error hence, the true of an observation ,must be
RV represented by a value assumed to be close to it. This
EYI value is called the most probable value and is taken
NG
as,
Residual/Deviation
The difference between an observation x and the
most probable value
SU
RV
EYI
NG
Residual and errors are theoretically identical. The
only difference is that residuals can be calculated
whereas errors cannot.
PROBABLE ERROR
Defines a quantity which when added to or subtracted from the most
probable value defines a range within there is a 50% chance that the true
SU value of the measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limit thus set.
RV
EYI Above is the normal distribution curve. The total area under the curve is 1.0
NG or 100%. The area bounded is denser at the center getting less and less
dense as it moves away.
If we define a region symmetric about the center that has a total area of 0.50
or 50%, the region will be bounded by z = -0.6745 and z = +0.6745 which is
the basis of the coefficient used in calculating the probable error.
PROBABLE ERROR OF ANY SINGLE OBSERVATION
SU
RV PROBABLE ERROR OF THE MEAN
EYI
NG
RELATIVE PRECISION
The ratio of the magnitude of the error to the magnitude of
the measured value.
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ERRORS
The following shows the algorithm used when values with known errors are
added or multiplied
SU 1. SUMMATION OF ERRORS
RV When measurements of known probable errors are added, the probable
EYI error of the sum is given by
NG
2. PRODUCT OF ERROR
When measurements of known probable errors are multiplied, the
probable error of the product is given by
WEIGHTED OBSERVATION
Many surveying measurements are made under different circumstances
and conditions and therefore have different degrees of reliability. The
weight is directly proportional to the number of observations or
measurements.
Example Problem
The following values were determined in a series of
SU tape measurements of a line: 1000.58, 1000.40,
RV 1000.38, 1000.48, 1000.40, and 1000.46 meters.
EYI Determine the ff.:
NG
a.Most probable value of the measured length
b.Probable error of a single measurement and
probale error of the mean
c.Final expression for the most probable length
d.Relative precision of the measurement
Given the following data in measuring a distance of a
certain line.
SU Distance No. of Measurements
RV
47.23m 3
EYI
NG 47.21 2
47.19 4
47.27 2
1. Determine the most probable value of the
measurements.
2. Calculate the probable error of any single
observation
3. Calculate the probable error of the mean
4. Determine the relative error or precision of the
CONVERSION TABLE FOR SOME UNITS USED IN SURVEYING
1 acre 4047 m2
1 chain 100 links = 4 rods = 66 f
SU 1 cubit 18 inches
RV 1 furlong 40 rods
EYI 1 knot 6080 f = 1 nautical mile
NG 1 link 0.66 f
1 mile (nautical mile) 6080 f = 8 furlongs
1 mile (statute mile) 5280 f
1 military pace 2.5 f
1 perch 1 pole = 1 rod = 25 links
1 pin 100 links = 1 tape length
1 section 640 acres
1 tally 10 pins
1 township 36 sections
1 vara 33 inches
1 yard 3f
PACING
Pacing is one of the simpliest method of measuring
SU distances. It is used in instances where
RV approximate results can be enough for the data
EYI
NG needed.