Well Logging Chapter 1
Well Logging Chapter 1
Well Logging Chapter 1
Shale
Sand
ØT
ØT
ØT
Logging
Logging
Typical wireline logging
equipment
Logging Units
in the Gulf of
Thailand
T7 URF – online
logging
Logging System
Winch
Operations
Multi-
conductor
Cable
Cable servicing
Rig-Up
API Standard “Log”
Header
Well
diagram
Tool
String
diagram
The Header
The Log Format
Raw Wireline Log
Caliper Medium Resistivity Density
Neutron
Gamma Ray Deep Resistivity Sonic
Interpretation Result
Total Gas Deep
Gamma Ray Porosity Lithology Resistivity
SW
Shale
Sand
ØT
FORMATION EVALUATION
1. WELL LOGGINGS
Driller’s Logs, Mud Logs
ELECTRIC WIRE LINE LOGS
2. CORE ANALYSIS
3. WELL TESTING
Repeated Formation Tester(RFT)
Drill Stem Test (DST)
Production Test (PT)
Driller”s
Logs,
Mud Logs
Wireline Logging
1. Porosity and Formation Factor
2. Spontaneous Potential Logs
3. Resistivity Logs
4. Schematic Invasion and Resistivity Profile
5. Classification of Resistivity Logs
6. Radioactivity Logs
6.1Gamma Ray (GR)
6.2Density Logs
6.3Neutron Logs
6.4Sonic Logs
7.Advanced and Special Devices
8.Cased Hole Logging
9.Major phenomena and parameters
10.Trade Names of The Major Measurement
Tools
Why Log A
Well?
Why Resistivity
• Distinguish between water-bearing and
hydrocarbon-bearing formations
Petroleum 2×1014
Log(F) = Log(a) –
m*Log(Phi)
Calculate Rwa based on
Archie equations
a Rw
Sw n m
Rt
Saturation Exponent
Porosity Uninvaded Zone Resistivity
• a
Related to the rock conductivity
Usually 1
• m
Cementation or Porosity exponent
Usually 2
Lower in rocks containing hydraulically connected pores
(fractures)
Higher in rocks containing hydraulically isolated pores
(vugs)
• n
Saturation exponent
Usually 2
Varies by degree of wetability - Oil Wet = high “n”
ROUTINE CORE ANALYSIS
A. POROSITY MEASUREMENT
BULK VOLUME
- LIQUID DISPLACEMENT
- CALIPERING & CALCULATIO
SUMMATION OF FLUID
GAS TRANSFER
-BOYLE'S LAW POROSIMETER
LIQUID RESATURATION
TOLOENE ,KOBE POROSIMETER
GRIAN DENSITY
-BOYLE'S LAW
WETTABILITY
COMPRESSIBILITY
FORMATION FACTOR
POROSITY
Reservoir Rock Properties
A. POROSITY
= φ = volume of pore
Bulk volume
Absolute porosity
Effective (interconnected) porosity
Primary porosity
Secondary porosity
B. SATURATION
Sw = Volume of water/Volume of pore
So = Volume of oil/Volume of pore
Sg = Volume of gas/Volume of pore
QL
C. PERMEABILITY K =
AP
- Absolute : one fluid phase in pore = k = 413 md ; kw @ Sw = 1.0
or ko @ So = 1.0
- Effective 2-3 phases in pore; kew @ Sw = 0.7, kew= 248 md, keo
=50 md. k ew
, Kro =
k eo
- Relative: Krw =
k k
D. WETTABILITY
- Water wet
- Oil wet
E. FORMATIOM COMPRESSIBILITY
Cf = 1.87 10-6 -0.415 by Hall Humble
= 1 dV
V dp
F. FORMATION FACTORS
F = Ro/Rw = a/m
Figure 1.24 Permeability
Size + shape
Arrangement
Compaction
Cementation
Grain kind
Rock Properties
Reserve Calculation Methods
COP Petroleum Resource Classification Chart of Recoverable Reso
Reserve Calculation
Methods
How To Calculate Formation
Volume
How To Calculate Formation
Volume
(Cond.)
Monte Carlo Simulations
Stochastic & Deterministic
pyram
Area Acres H id trapezoidal
A0 450 0
a5 74 0.48 5 558
a6 0 0 4 98.7
Ac-ft
A0 450 0 0
a1 375 0.833333 5 5 2.5 187.5
a2 303 0.808 5 10 7.5 540
a3 231 0.762376 5 15 12.5 900
a4 154 0.666667 5 20 17.5 1347.5
a5 74 0.480519 5 25 22.5 1800
a6 0 0 4 29 27 1998
6773
=Ahø(1-Swi)Bgi
=Ahø(1-Swi)Bo /5.615
THANK YOU