Pertemuan Steel and Steel Alloy
Pertemuan Steel and Steel Alloy
Trends?
Increasing carbon content
– tensile strength
increases, elongation
decreases.
Plain Carbon Steel
• 1018
– Low carbon Yield strength 55ksi
• 1045
– Medium carbon Yield strength 70ksi
• A36
– Low carbon Yield strength 36ksi
• 12L14
– Low carbon Yield strength 70ksi
• 1144
– Medium carbon Yield strength 95ksi
Hot Rolled Steell vs. Cold Rolled Stell
Manganese (Mn)
• combines with sulfur to prevent brittleness
• >1%
– increases hardenability
• 11% to 14%
– increases hardness
– good ductility
– high strain hardening capacity
– excellent wear resistance
• Ideal for impact resisting tools
Alloying Elements used in Steel
Sulfur (S)
• Imparts brittleness
• Improves machineability
• Okay if combined with Mn
• Some free-machining steels contain
0.08% to 0.15% S
• Examples of S alloys:
– 11xx – sulfurized (free-cutting)
Alloying Elements used in Steel
Nickel (Ni)
• Provides strength, stability and toughness,
Examples of Ni alloys:
– 30xx – Nickel (0.70%), chromium (0.70%)
– 31xx – Nickel (1.25%), chromium (0.60%)
– 32xx – Nickel (1.75%), chromium (1.00%)
– 33XX – Nickel (3.50%), chromium (1.50%)
Alloying Elements used in Steel
Chromium (Cr)
• Usually < 2%
• increase hardenability and strength
• Offers corrosion resistance by forming stable oxide surface
• typically used in combination with Ni and Mo
– 30XX – Nickel (0.70%), chromium (0.70%)
– 5xxx – chromium alloys
– 6xxx – chromium-vanadium alloys
– 41xxx – chromium-molybdenum alloys
Molybdenum (Mo)
• Usually < 0.3%
• increase hardenability and strength
• Mo-carbides help increase creep resistance at elevated temps
– typical application is hot working tools
Alloying Elements used in Steel
Vanadium (V)
• Usually 0.03% to 0.25%
• increase strength
– without loss of ductility
Tungsten (W)
• helps to form stable carbides
• increases hot hardness
– used in tool steels
Alloying Elements used in Steel
Copper (Cu)
• 0.10% to 0.50%
• increase corrosion resistance
• Reduced surface quality and hot-working ability
• used in low carbon sheet steel and structural
steels
Silicon (Si)
• About 2%
• increase strength without loss of ductility
• enhances magnetic properties
Alloying Elements used in Steel
Boron (B)
• for low carbon steels, can drastically
increase hardenability
• improves machinablity and cold
forming capacity
Aluminum (Al)
• deoxidizer
• 0.95% to 1.30%
• produce Al-nitrides during nitriding
Selecting Steels
H1-H19: chromium
base
H20-H39: tungsten
Hot-working H
base
H40-H59:
molybdenum base
Plastic mold P
L Low alloy
Special purpose
F Carbon tungsten
Review CES!
Recall, tensile strength approximately 500 X
BHN
A Quick Review of Heat Treating Processes:
Know These Basic HT Processes:
• Full Annealing – Heat above the austenite
temperature (or UC) until the composition
is uniform. Cool very slowly (usually at
room temperate outside the oven. Result:
a soft, low-strength steel, free of significant
internal stresses. Generally done before
Cold Forming process
Know These Basic HT Processes:
• Full Annealing – Heat above the austenite
temperature (or UC) until the composition is
uniform. Cool very slowly (usually at room
temperate outside the oven. Result: a soft, low-
strength steel, free of significant internal
stresses. Generally done before Cold Forming
process.
• Stress relief annealing – Heat slightly below
austenitic temperature (or below LC) generally
done following welding, machining or cold
forming to reduce residual stress.
Know These Basic HT Processes:
• Normalizing: Similar to annealing but at
higher temperature. Again, slow cooling.
Result: uniform internal structure with
somewhat higher strength than the
annealing process. Machinability and
toughness improved over the as-rolled
condition.
Know These Basic HT Processes:
• Through Hardening and Quenching and
Tempering (and then slow cooling): – Heat
above the austenite temperature (or UC)
until the composition is uniform. Cool
rapidly (Quench). Result: strong but brittle
martensite structure. So temper and slow
cool to improve toughness at the expense
of strength.
Tensile Strength and
Elongation vs
Tempering
Temperature
Know These Basic HT Processes:
Spheroidizing: (must have carbon content of
0.6% or higher) Spheroidite forms when
carbon steel is heated to approximately
700 °C for over 30 hours. Spheroidite can
form at lower temperatures but the time
needed drastically increases, as this is a
diffusion-controlled process. The result is a
structure of rods or spheres of cementite
within primary structure (ferrite or pearlite,
depending on which side of the eutectoid you
are on). The purpose is to soften higher
carbon steels and allow more formability. This
is the softest and most ductile form of steel.
The image to the right shows where
spheroidizing usually occurs.
HRS vs CRS
vs
Annealed?
HT?
Tensile Strength and
Elongation for
Various Alloy Steels
Properties of Some
Structural Steels –
All use ASTM call-
outs