LECTURE: 1-3

INTRODUCTION: CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

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 HEAVY AND FINE CHEMICALS
Upstream industries (Chemical Industries)
raw materials Purified product
Down stream industries
• Heavy chemical industries:
a) Heavy chemicals
• Those dealt in large quantity normally crude or less purified chemicals.
E.g. mineral acid, NaOH, Na2CO3 etc.
Fine Chemical industries: making small quantity of product having better
quality

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 b) Fine chemicals
They are complete purified substances and produced in limited
quantity. E.g. speciality solvent, perfumes, medicines etc.

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 Chemical composition
a) Organic compound
Compounds having carbon atom in the main structure of the molecule is called organic
compound. E.g. hydrocarbons, phenols, carboxylic acid etc.

b) Inorganic compound
They are the compounds which do not have carbon in the main structure.
E.g.Na2CO3, K2Cr2O7, MgCl2

c) Polymers
They are the macromolecular mass compounds made from covalent bonding of repeating
structured units which may be natural, synthetic or semi synthetic. E.g. polystyrene,
polyvinylchloride etc.

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 Based on availability
a) Catalyst
A substance, usually used in small amounts relative to the reactants, that either increases or
decreases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process. If consumed than it should
regenerative at the end of process. E.g. AlCl3, MnO2, Pt etc.
b) Bulk drug
Bulk drug is the active substance used in a drug formulation. It becomes an active ingredient of a
finished dosage form of the drug, but the term does not include intermediates used in the synthesis
of such substances. E.g. Pantoprazole, Bisacodyl etc.
c) Resin
Resin is a natural or synthetic compound which begins in a highly viscous state and hardness with
treatment. E.g. Urea formaldehyde, epoxy, polyester etc.
d) Dyes and Pigments
A dye or a dyestuff is usually a coloured organic compound or mixture that may be used for imparting
colour to a substrate such as cloth, paper, plastic or leather in a reasonably permanent fashion.

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 e) Solvent
A liquid in which substances (or solutes) are dissolved to form a solution is
called as solvent. E.g. Benzene, THF, DMF, DMSO etc.

f) Miscellaneous
All other compounds which do not cover in above class are called as
miscellaneous. E.g. fertilizer, glass etc.

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 UNIT OPERATION AND UNIT PROCESS
Raw materials
They are naturally occurring material or not produced at the manufacturing unit and are procured from
outside the manufacturing plant.
Intermediate
They are undergoes some processing and further proceed for modification
Finished product
Product which are ready for marketing or sale
By product
It is useful material generated with main product. Also known as co-product
Waste
Do not have any commercial value. May be discarded after giving some treatments regarding control of
pollution.

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 GENERAL PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN STUDYING AN INDUSTRY
1. Market & sales- justification of the industry
2. Methods of production
– Chemical reactions
– Process flow diagrams- flow sheets
– Material requirements
3. Chemical Engineering Problems
– Manufacturing
– Economics

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 1. Chemistry
2. Thermodynamics
3. Reaction Kinetics
4. Process and Mechanical Design
5. Economics
6. Unit operations and Unit process Concepts

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 Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
– Process control, yield determination and optimization
– Modern and electronic instrumentation application
Inorganic Chemistry: One or more reactions involve
Organic Chemistry: Reactions involves using C,H,O
Physical Chemistry
• Integrate with chemical engineering unit operations
• Important in phase diagram studies
• Use of chemical kinetics and catalysis

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 Thermodynamics
Chemical equillibria:
– Ideal System: low pr, variable temp
– Non-ideal System: High Pr, Variable Temp
Energy Application:
– Heat of reaction
– Work of compression and expansion of real gases

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 Law of Thermodynamics
• First Law
– e. g. Heat of reaction and its temperature coefficient
– Sensible HT preheating and cooling
– Heat of solution and absorption
– Heat effects in phase changes
2nd Law- Heat & work interchangeable
– Equilibrium constant of various reactions calculations
– Effect of temperature on equilibrium constants
– Extent of reaction and equilibrium yields
– Predicting the effect of solvents, inert diluents, and recycle streams

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 Qualitative concepts of first and second laws

Low temperature favours high conversion in an exothermic process

High prssure favours high conversion in a reaction.

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 C) Effect of variables: Temperature, Pressure, Reactant concentration, Flow
patterns and Transport properties
D) Rate of reaction of the equations

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 Classification of chemical reactors
• Simple batch homogeneous reactors
• Semi batch reactors
• Continuous homogeneous reactors
• Continuous heterogeneous reactors e. g. fluid
bed catalytic reactor

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Design Criteria for reactor systems
Economic considerations are guiding factor
• Use continuous system
• Use batch system
Equipment selection: Continuous & batch Process
Design equations: Homogeneous/ Heterogeneous system

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 Process and Mechanical design
Process design: concerned with unit operation
and unit processes
Mechanical design: construction of equipment,
foundations, buildings, installation, process
auxiliaries operation and maintenance details

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