Ethics Through Thick and Thin, and Ethics and Religion

ETHICS THROUGH THICK AND
THIN, AND ETHICS AND

RELIGION
JOAHUA MILLAR
ALEXANDER BENIGNO
EDMAN ROD TAN
MJ LOPENA/ MJ 1
RAJID CERDA
*A system coherent systematic and reasonable principles, rules
and ideas to form one’s over all perspective.
* Knowing what good and bad is.

• Uses general evaluations without much descriptions.
“ good and bad” “permissible and Ought”

• Deals with human morality by defining concepts of
good and evils, vice and virtues, Justice and Crime ..
Etc.,
• It is EVALUATIVE and substantially
DESCRIPTIVE.
• It gives a middle position

between two extremes.
• AESTHETIC concepts
• VICE and VIRTUE concepts Concepts that deals with beauty.
A VIRTUE is a disposition to behave in “ banal and Gracious”
a right manner between two extremes
of deficiencies and excess, known as • ACTION concepts
VICE. Concept that deals with actions of
“ Generous and Selfish” person.
“ Murder and Betray”
• EPISTEMIC concepts
Concepts that analyzes the nature of • PRACTICAL concepts
knowledge. Motivated by an individuals attitude.
“Open minded and Gullible” “ Shrewd and Imprudent
• According to • Realistic and • Logical and
BERNARD Practical Language
WILLIAMS THIN • Thick terms are
are general • Give
variables on
evaluations while straightforward
evaluations they
THICK are “world explanations
express, The
guided” and and has a
evaluation is Either
Action Guiding” Shapeless
Positive or negative,
concept
not both.
ETHICS & RELEGION
WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHICS AND
RELEGION?
ETHICS- what is morally good and bad?
RELEGION- is an organized collection of beliefs,
cultural systems and world views that relate
humanity the order of existence.
The relationship of ethics and religion is about the
relationship between revelation and reason
ETHICAL BEHAVIOR
-Acting in ways consistent with what society
and individuals typically think are good values.
-Ethical behavior tends to be good for
business and involves demonstrating respect
for key moral principles that include honesty,
fairness, equality, dignity, diversity and
individual rights.
OBSTACLES TO GOOD ETHICAL BEHAVIOR
• Poor moral awareness: poor moral awareness can either result in a failure to
perceive the problem as being an ethical problem at all (in which cases one does
not go through the steps of good ethical decision making), or can present the
agent with a distorted or insufficient picture of the problem to be resolved.
Failure to gather relevant facts: good practical decisions require that we know
important facts relevant to the decision, such as those that help us determine the
likely impact of the action on stakeholders.
• Rationalizing ourselves out of good moral decision-making: It’s easy to convince
ourselves that we can do what we’d like. The following are poor, but
unfortunately all too common, rationalizations we use to excuse our actions
• Slippery Slope: People are willing to do unethical things because they have
already done smaller, less extreme acts that make the bigger choice appear less
(or not at all) unethical.
Universal Values
• A value is a universal value if it has the same value or worth for all, or
almost all, people. Spheres of human value encompass morality,
aesthetic preference, human traits, human endeavor, and social order.
• Whether universal values exist is an unproven conjecture of moral
philosophy and cultural anthropology, though it is clear that certain
values are found across a great diversity of human cultures, such as
primary attributes of physical attractiveness (e.g. youthfulness,
symmetry) whereas other attributes (e.g. slenderness) are subject to
aesthetic relativism as governed by cultural norms. This objection is
not limited to aesthetics.
The claim for universal values can be understood
in two different ways.
• It could be that something has a universal value when everybody
finds it valuable. This was Isaiah Berlin's understanding of the term.
According to Berlin, "...universal values....are values that a great many
human beings in the vast majority of places and situations, at almost
all times, do in fact hold in common, whether consciously and
explicitly or as expressed in their behavior...“
• Something could have universal value when all people have reason to
believe it has value. Amartya Sen interprets the term in this way,
pointing out that when Mahatma Gandhi argued that non-violence is
a universal value, he was arguing that all people have reason to value
non-violence, not that all people currently value non-violence.
Is still meaningful to search for universal
values
• Many different things have been claimed to be of universal value, for
example, fertility, pleasure, and democracy. The issue of whether
anything is of universal value, and, if so, what that thing or those
things are, is relevant to psychology, political science, and philosophy,
among other fields:
• Philosophy - Philosophical study of universal value addresses
questions such as the meaningfulness of universal value or whether
universal values exist.
• Sociology - Sociological study of universal value addresses how such
values are formed in a society
Psychology and the search for universal values
• S. H. Schwartz, along with a number of psychology colleagues, has
carried out empirical research investigating whether there are
universal values, and what those values are.
• Schwartz defined 'values' as "conceptions of the desirable that
influence the way people select action and evaluate events".
• He hypothesized that universal values would relate to three different
types of human need:
• 1. biological needs
• 2. social co-ordination needs.
• 3. needs related to the welfare and survival of groups.
Schwartz's ten types of universal value
1. Power: authority; leadership; dominance, social power, wealth
2.Achievement: success; capability; ambition; influence; intelligence;

self-respect
3.Hedonism: pleasure; enjoying life
4.Stimulation: daring activities; varied life; exciting life
5.Self-direction: creativity; freedom; independence; curiosity; choosing
your own goals
6.Universalism: broadmindedness; wisdom; social justice; equality; a
world at peace; a world of beauty; unity with nature; protecting the
environment; inner harmony
7. Benevolence: helpfulness; honesty; forgiveness; loyalty;
responsibility; friendship
8. Tradition: accepting one's portion in life; humility; devoutness;
respect for tradition; moderation
9.Conformity: self-discipline; obedience
10.Security: cleanliness; family security; national security; stability of
social order; reciprocation of favours; health; sense of belonging
• Schwartz also tested an eleventh possible universal value,
'spirituality', or 'the goal of finding meaning in life',but found that it
does not seem to be recognized in all cultures.[8]
PLURALIST AND INDIVIDUALIST
Pluralist
-is an interpretation of social diversity. It can be rendered as a cultural,
political, or philosophical stance.
Cultural pluralism
- From a cultural or sociological point of view, pluralism refers to the
fact that cultures are expressions of a variety of values, practices, and
beliefs. Cultural variations yield in turn ethical diversity.
Political pluralism
- If the focus of cultural pluralism is empirical diversity manifested in
values, practices, and beliefs, the core concern of pluralism in political
science lies in the organizational and institutional articulation of
competing individual and group interests
Philosophical pluralism
-Philosophical pluralism does more than simply admit the permanent
existence of social variety (either political or cultural)
Individualism
Individualism, as ideology, imposed itself even from the beginning of
the modern era, becoming in good measure, a foundation of economic,
political and moral thinking.
Globalization, individualism and mass communication Globalization
represents
a “process of extension in time and space of social relations and the
accentuation of dependencies, networks and interactions between
contexts, localities and regions distanced in the planetary social space”

Ethics Through Thick and Thin, and Ethics and Religion

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ethics Through Thick and Thin, and Ethics and Religion

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ethics Through Thick and Thin, and Ethics and Religion

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ETHICS THROUGH THICK AND

THIN, AND ETHICS AND

* Knowing what good and bad is.

“ good and bad” “permissible and Ought”

• It gives a middle position

2.Achievement: success; capability; ambition; influence; intelligence;

You might also like