Dip-Slip Faults

Reverse Fault :
high angle – (Reverse
Fault)
low angle – (Thrust Fault)
• A thrust fault is a type of fault, or break in
the Earth's crust across which there has
been relative movement, in which rocks of
lower stratigraphic position are pushed up
and over higher strata.
• They are often recognized because they
place older rocks above younger. Thrust
faults are the result of compressional
forces.
 Reverse faults
• Thrust faults typically have low dip angles.
• A high-angle thrust fault is called a reverse fault.
• The difference between a thrust fault and a reverse fault
is in their influence. A reverse fault occurs primarily
across lithological units whereas a thrust usually occurs
within or at a low angle to lithological units. It is often
hard to recognize thrusts because their deformation and
dislocation can be difficult to detect when they occur
within the same rocks without appreciable offset of
lithological contacts.
• If the angle of the fault plane is low (generally less than
20 degrees from the horizontal) and the displacement of
the overlying block is large (often in the kilometer range)
the fault is called an overthrust.
• Erosion can remove part of the overlying block, creating
a fenster (or window) when the underlying block is only
exposed in a relatively small area. When erosion
removes most of the overlying block, leaving only island-
like remnants resting on the lower block, the remnants
are called klippen (singular klippe).
 Blind thrust faults
• If the fault plane terminates before it reaches the Earth's
surface, it is referred to as a blind thrust fault. Because
of the lack of surface evidence, blind thrust faults are
difficult to detect until they rupture. The destructive 1994
quake in Northridge, California was caused by a
previously-undiscovered blind thrust fault.
• Because of their low dip, thrusts are also difficult to
appreciate in mapping, where lithological offsets are
generally subtle and stratigraphic repetition difficult to
detect especially in peneplanated areas.
 Fault-bend folds
• Thrust faults, particularly those involved in thin-skinned
style of deformation, have a so-called ramp-flat
geometry. Thrusts mostly propagate along zones of
weakness within a sedimentary sequence, such as
mudstones or salt layers, these parts of the thrust are
called flats. If the effectiveness of the decollement
becomes reduced, the thrust will tend to cut up the
section to a higher stratigraphic level until it reaches
another effective decollement where it can continue as
bedding parallel flat. The part of the thrust linking the two
flats is known as a ramp and typically forms at an angle
of about 15°-30° to the bedding. Continued displacement
on a thrust over a ramp produces a characteristic fold
geometry known as a ramp anticline or, more generally,
as a fault-bend fold.
• Diagram of the evolution of a fault-bend fold or 'ramp anticline'
above a thrust ramp, the ramp links decollements at the top of the
green and yellow layers
 Fault-propagation folds
• Fault-propagation folds form at the tip of a thrust fault
where propagation along the decollement has ceased
(berhenti) but displacement on the thrust behind the fault
tip (ujung) is continuing. The continuing displacement is
accommodated by formation of an asymmetric anticline-
syncline fold pair. As displacement continues the thrust
tip starts to propagate along the axis of the syncline.
Such structures are also known as tip-line folds.
Eventually the propagating thrust tip may reach another
effective decollement layer and a composite fold
structure will develop with characteristics of both fault-
bend and fault-propagation folds.
• Diagram of the evolution of a fault
propagation fold
• Propagasi=Perkembangan/perambatan
 Thrust duplex
• Duplexes occur where there are two decollement levels close to each other within a
sedimentary sequence, such as the top and base of a relatively strong sandstone
layer bounded by two relatively weak mudstone layers. When a thrust that has
propagated along the lower detachment, known as the floor thrust, cuts up to the
upper detachment, known as the roof thrust, it forms a ramp within the stronger layer.
With continued displacement on the thrust, higher stresses are developed in the
footwall of the ramp due to the bend on the fault. This may cause renewed
propagation along the floor thrust until it again cuts up to join the roof thrust. Further
displacement then takes place via the newly created ramp. This process may repeat
many times, forming a series of fault bounded thrust slices known as imbricates or
horses, each with the geometry of a fault-bend fold of small displacement. The final
result is typically a lozenge shaped duplex.
• Most duplexes have only small displacements on the bounding faults between the
horses and these dip away from the foreland. Occasionally the displacement on the
individual horses is greater, such that each horse lies more or less vertically above
the other, this is known as an antiformal stack or imbricate stack. If the individual
displacements are greater still, then the horses have a foreland dip.
• Duplexing is a very efficient mechanism of accommodating shortening of the crust by
thickening the section rather than by folding and deformation
• Development of thrust duplex by
progressive failure of ramp footwall
 Tectonic environment
• Large overthrust faults occur in areas that have undergone great compressional forces.
• These conditions exist in the orogenic belts that result from either two continental tectonic
collisions or from subduction zone accretion.
• The resultant compressional forces produce mountain ranges. The Himalayas, the Alps, and the
Appalachians are prominent examples of compressional orogenies with numerous overthrust
faults.
• Thrust faults occur in the foreland basin which occur marginal to orogenic belts. Here,
compression does not result in appreciable mountain building, which is mostly accommodated by
folding and stacking of thrusts. Instead thrust faults generally cause a thickening of the
stratigraphic section.
• Foreland basin thrusts also usually observe the ramp-flat geometry, with thrusts propagating
within units at a very low angle "flats" (at 1-5 degrees) and then moving up-section in steeper
ramps (at 5-20 degrees) where they offset stratigraphic units. Identifying ramps where they occur
within units is usually problematic.
• Thrusts and duplexes are also found in accretionary wedges in the ocean trench margin of
subduction zones, where oceanic sediments are scraped off the subducted plate and accumulate.
Here, the accretionary wedge must thicken by up to 200% and this is achieved by stacking thrust
fault upon thrust fault in a melange of disrupted rock, often with chaotic folding. Here, ramp flat
geometries are not usually observed because the compressional force is at a steep angle to the
sedimentary layering.
Sesar Naik (reverse fault) – Sesar Anjakan
(thrust fault)

• Sesar naik dengan kemiringan (dip)

bidang sesar < 450 dinamakan sesar
anjakan (thrust fault).
• Pada umumnya dipergunakan penamaan
thrust fault saja, tanpa memperhatikan
besar kemiringan bidangnya.
 SESAR NAIK

REVERSE FAULT
JENIS SESAR

GAYA KOMPRESI

HW

FW

SESAR NAIK (REVERSE)

 Definisi Umum Sesar Naik
• Sesar Naik adalah pergeseran relatif sebenarnya searah
dengan kemiringan bidang sesar di mana hanging wall
bergeser naik relatif terhadap foot wall.
• Sesar naik yang mempunyai kemiringan > 450 disebut
reverse fault, sedangkan sesar naik yang mempunyai
kemiringan < 450 disebut thrust fault.
• Sesar naik diakibatkan oleh tekanan yang bekerja
secara konvergen horizontal terhadap suatu volume
batuan sehingga mengakibatkan rekahan.
• Terjadi pemendekan dari panjang semula.
Gaya Pada Sesar Naik
THRUST FAULT
LOW-ANGLE REVERSE FAULT (FAULT DIP 15 - 30O)
Figure 9.17
 LOW ANGLE REVERSE
FAULT – THRUST FAULT
Figure 9.18
FAULTING AND FOLDING
Karakteristik Stratigrafi Sesar Naik
• Pada daerah bidang sesar, batuan
yang lebih tua terletak di atas batuan
yang lebih muda
• Pada penampang vertikal di bidang
sesar terdapat perulangan stratigrafi
dari tiap lapisan batuan
• Terjadi kontak perlapisan batuan
yang berbeda
Stratigrafi Sesar Naik
TANDA-TANDA SESAR NAIK
1) Kebanyakan sesar naik mempunyai
kemiringan bidang sesar (DIP) < 45
sampai mendekati horizontal atau sering
disebut sebagai “LOW ANGLE FAULT”

2) Bidang sesarnya merupakan zona

kompleks dan jarang merupakan bidang
yang halus (SMOOTH) dengan jalur
sesar kebanyakan berupa garis lengkung
 TANDA-TANDA SESAR NAIK

3) Sesar naik dicirikan oleh pola sesar

ganda sub. parallel (Multiple sub.
parallel fault), dengan bidang sesar
masing-masing searah dengan sumbu
lipatan
4) Adanya batuan yang lebih tua
menumpang diatas batuan yang lebih
muda
5) Adanya lipatan seretan (drag fold)
akibat dari pergerakan blok-blok sesar
 TANDA-TANDA SESAR NAIK
6) Sesar naik umumnya berasosiasi
dengan lipatan dan mempunyai
hubungan yang erat dengan
pembentukan lipatan. Adapun jenis
lipatannya adalah lipatan simetris, lipatan
asimetris dan lipatan rebah dengan
posisi bidang sesar pada sayap yang
landai.
7) Gejala seretan dan pembentukan sesar-
sesar sekunder.
8) Perulangan dari beberapa lapisan
 Dua Tipe Thrust Systems
• Imbricate fan, yaitu suatu susunan
sistem thrust fault yang membentuk
sistem sesar seperti kipas

• Duplex, yaitu suatu susunan sistem

thrust fault yang membentuk sistem
sesar seperti duplikasi
FAULTING AND FOLDING
Post-rift

Syn-rift

Pre-rift
Inversi
Sesar naik pada zona kompresi
Sesar naik / reverse fault
• ciri sesar naik adalah sudut kemiringan dr sesar
itu termasuk kecil, berbeda dgnsesar turun yg
punya sudut kemiringan bisa mendekati vertical.
• Dapat kerlihatan lapisan batuan yg berwarna
lebih merah pada hanging wall berada pada
posisi yglebih atas (lebih shallow) drpd lapisan
batuan yg sama pada foot wall. Inimenandakan
lapisan yg ada di hanging wall sudah terlihat
relatif naik terhadap footwall-nya
• Sudut kemiringan terlihat berbeda karena
diperlukan satu gaya/energi
ygmemungkinkan dua blok ini bergerak
satu sama lain.
• Gaya/energi untuk menimbulkan satu blok
bergerak relatif turun terhadap blok yg
lain-nya mungkintidak sebesar
gaya/energi untuk meng-gerak-kan satu
blok relatif naik terhadap blok yg lain-nya
Sesar naik pada diapir
Sesar Dupleks
• Ket terjemahan :
• glide kb. 1 gerakan yang luwes. 2 Phon.:
huruf atau bunyi semivokal. 3 Av.:
peluncuran (tanpa memakai motor),
penerbangan layang. -kki. 1 meluncur. 2
berlalu. 3 masuk dengan lemah-gemulai. 4
Av.: terbang la