Configuring and testing

CCNA Exploration Semester 1 – Chapter 11

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1

Topics

 The Internetwork Operating System (IOS).

 Devices that have the IOS embedded.
 IOS commands available to a device.
 IOS modes of operation.
 Basic IOS commands.
 Basic show commands.
 Configuration files

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2

Internetwork Operating System

 Most Cisco devices use the Cisco IOS.

 Details vary with the device and feature set.
 Normal access through a command line.
 Stored in flash memory and can be upgraded.
 Usually copied into RAM when the device is powered
on, and run from RAM.

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Access to the interface

 Console port via serial connection

Initial configuration
Disaster recovery
When network access has failed
Password recovery
As well as general management

 Console access does not require a password.

Configure a password. Lock the door.

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Telnet, SSH, Aux

 Later management can be via Telnet

 There must be an IP address on the port
 A password must be configured
 Secure shell gives better security
 AUX port can be used locally or via modem but by
default does not show error messages

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Configuration files

 Hold the commands that have been configured on the

router to customise it.
 Running configuration in RAM holds commands that
are in current use
 Startup configuration in NVRAM holds saved
commands. These are kept when the power is off and
usually copied back into RAM when the router is re-
started.

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Router storage areas

 ROM  Flash
 Permanent  Keeps contents
 Holds POST, boot instructions,  Holds IOS image
basic IOS

 RAM
 NVRAM
 Volatile
 Keeps contents
 Holds runnning config, tables,
 Holds startup configuration file
queues etc

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 Router IOS modes

User EXEC mode

enable disable
+ password
Privileged EXEC mode
Configure terminal Exit or Ctrl+z
Global Configuration mode
Various commands Exit End
Specific Configuration modes

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 Router prompts

User EXEC mode Router>

Privileged EXEC mode Router#

Global Configuration mode Router(config)#

Router(config-if)#
Specific Configuration modes and others

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EXEC modes

 You log in to User EXEC mode

Router>
 You can give basic monitoring commands but cannot
change the configuration
 Enter enable to go to Privileged EXEC mode
Router#
 Password may be used for security
 You can give more commands and can go to configuration
modes

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Configuration modes

 Start in privileged EXEC mode and enter the configure

terminal (config t) command
Router# config t
Router(config)#
 The prompt changes
 This is global configuration mode
 Additional commands take you to interface
configuration, router configuration etc.

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Leaving configuration modes

 From interface configuration mode there are several

ways of getting to privileged EXEC
 Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# exit
Router#
 Router(config-if)# end
Router#
 Router(config-if)# Ctrl+z
Router#

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Command Structure

Followed by <Enter>

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? To get help

 ? Gives a list of commands available from the current

prompt.
 Command followed by space then ? Gives a list of
keywords or arguments that can be used.
 Start of command followed by ? with no space shows
how the word can be continued.

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Shortened commands

 Router#show running-config
 Router#show run
 Router#sh ru
 It needs enough letters of each word to be
unambiguous. (Tab key shows whole word)
 Router#s ru
 % Ambiguous command: ‘s’

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Other error messages

 Switch#clock set
 % Incomplete command

 Switch#clock set 19:50:00 25 6

 % Invalid input detected at ‘^’ marker
^

 Router#show runming-config
 % Invalid input detected at ‘^’ marker
^

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Keyboard shortcuts

 Tab completes a partial command

 Backspace erases to left of cursor
 Ctrl+D erases at cursor (Delete does not)
 Ctrl+Z returns from any config mode to privileged
exec mode
 Ctrl+C leave Setup mode

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Show commands

 Show ? To get a list

 Many different show commands to give information
about every aspect of the router and its operation
 We use some of the most common.

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General show commands

 Show running-config shows the configuration file from

RAM
 Show startup-config shows the saved configuration
file from NVRAM
 Show version gives information about the IOS and the
router itself. It shows the configuration register, which
controls how the router starts up.

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Show interfaces

 Gives statistics for all interfaces

 In particular, says if the interface is up and if the
protocol is up – important in troubleshooting.
 Show interfaces serial 0/0 to show one selected
interface
 You can shorten to show int s 0/0
 Show ip interfaces gives IP statistics

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 Save configuration

 Router#copy running-config startup-config

 Router#copy run start (shortened)
 Router#wr (Old fashioned, short for write, but it works and
is safe.)
 Beware! A typing error in the copy command can delete the
operating system. If you get an odd message about Flash –
hands off – call for help.

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Hostname

 Router>enable
 Router#config t
 Router(config)#hostname Paris
 Paris(config)#
 Configure a suitable hostname so that you know which
router you are managing and so that you can identify it
in network documentation.

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Console password

 Paris(config)#line con 0
 Paris(config-line)#password cisco
 Paris(config-line)#login
 Paris(config-line)#exit
 Restricts access via the console
 Use cisco as the password in labs.
 Use a proper strong password on production networks

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Vty password for Telnet

 Paris(config)#line vty 0 4
 Paris(config-line)#password cisco
 Paris(config-line)#login
 Paris(config-line)#exit
 Allows and restricts access via 5 vty lines
 Use cisco as the password in labs.
 Use a proper strong, different password on production
networks

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Enable and enable secret

 Paris(config)#enable secret class

 The password class is needed when you type enable to
enter privileged exec mode
 This password is encrypted
 Paris(config)#enable password cisco
 Not encrypted, used on older routers
 If you configure both, then only the enable secret is used.

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Message of the day

 Paris(config)#banner motd # No unauthorised

access #
 # is a delimiter to show where the message starts and
ends.
 Any character can be used as long as it does not
appear in the message.
 The message should make it clear that unauthorised
access is forbidden.

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Reload

 Shuts down the router and then starts it again.

 If the configuration has changed then you are prompted
to save it.
 The running configuration in RAM is lost.
 The startup configuration from NVRAM is (usually)
loaded into RAM on startup.

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Back up to TFTP server

 Start TFTP server software on host

 Paris#copy running-config tftp
 Remote host []? 172.16.1.1
 Name of configuration file to write [Paris-config]?
Paris12Oct07
 Write file Paris12Oct07 to 172.16.1.1? [confirm] y
 Writing Paris12Oct07 ! ! ! ! ! ! [OK]

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Back up as text file

 Start text capture

 Name file
 show run
 Stop text capture
 Open saved file and

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TeraTerm text file

 TeraTerm is an open source Telnet client.

 It can also act as a SSH client
 It can capture text and save it as a file.

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Erase startup configuration

 Paris#erase NVRAM:startup-config
 Paris#erase startup-config
 Paris#erase start
 If you reload, then the router starts up with the default
configuration. No passwords, no IP addresses etc.
 Caution if you get this command wrong then you could
erase something else, e.g. IOS

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Restore file from TFTP server

 Router#copy tftp running-config

 You will be prompted for IP address and file name.
 Configuration is copied into RAM and takes effect at
once.
 Save to NVRAM.

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Restore text file

 Go to global configuration
mode
 Hyperterminal Transfer
menu
 Send text file…
Or
 Copy text from text file
 “Paste to host” into Hyperterminal session

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Configure a router interface

 Paris(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0

 Paris(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
 Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
 Paris(config-if)#exit
 Interface names vary, depending on whether the router
is modular and on the bandwidth.
 E.g. interface Ethernet 0 on an older router

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Configure a router interface

 Paris(config)#interface serial 0/0

 Paris(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
 (Paris(config-if)#clock rate 64000)
 Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
 Paris(config-if)#exit DCE only

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Description

 Paris(config)#interface fa0/0
 Paris(config-if)#description Connects to Paris central
switch
 Can include circuit and contact information
 Not needed for the operation of the router
 Valuable for documentation as it is included in the
configuration listing

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Switch interfaces

 Switch physical interfaces do not have IP addresses

 They are active by default and do not need the no
shutdown command.
 It can be useful to give them a description.

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Switch IP address

 The switch IP address goes on a virtual interface, not a

real one, normally VLAN1.
 SwA(config)#interface VLAN1
 SwA(config-if)#ip address 172.16.255.1 255.255.0.0
 SwA(config-if)#no shutdown
 SwA(config-if)#exit

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Switch default gateway

 SwA(config)#ip default gateway 172.16.255.254

 Just like a workstation, a switch needs a default
gateway if it exchanges messages with devices on a
different network.
 The default gateway is the address of the local router.

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Interface – show commands

 show interfaces states whether up or down, gives

some protocol information and statistics about interface
use.
 show ip interface gives IP addresses and much more.
 show ip interface brief gives summary of IP
addresses and whether up/down. Very useful
command.

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Up or down

 Interface status: Layer 1

Up
Down
Administratively down (no shutdown to bring up)

 Protocol: Layer 2
Up
Down (no keepalive signal received)

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Ping – step by step

 Ping 127.0.0.1 (loopback, is TCP/IP OK?)

 Ping own IP address (are NIC hardware and software all
right? Is IP address bound?)
 Ping local hosts (checks own configuration and that of
others)
 Ping gateway
 Ping other intermediate routers
 Ping hosts on remote networks

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Network baseline

 Measure and record performance

At different times
Under different conditions
Repeatedly over a period of time
 Build up a record of network performance
 Useful in troubleshooting and optimising the network
 Helps predict future problems
 Helps planning for change

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Find out about nodes

 Ping – used from workstation, router or switch – shows

if destination can be reached
 Traceroute – shows hops along the path
 Arp -a on workstation – shows list of MAC and IP
addresses
 show mac-address-table on switch – shows list of MAC
addresses and switch ports

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Summary
 Hierarchical Design model addresses performance,
scalability, maintainability & manageability issues.
 Traffic Analysis is used to monitor network
performance.
 Hierarchical Design Model is composed of 3 layers:
Access
Distribution
Core

 Switches selected for each layer must meet the needs

of each hierarchical layer as well as the needs of the
business.

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Labs & Activities

Type Detail
Lab 11.1.6 Mandatory*
Lab 11.1.7 Mandatory
Lab 11.2.1 Mandatory
Lab 11.2.2 Review carefully
Lab 11..2.3 Mandatory

* If no previous Packet Tracer experience, else strongly recommended

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© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 47