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Chapter 2:
Project Management
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, & Tegarden Systems Analysis and Design with UML, 4th Edition
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
 Link information systems to business needs
 Learn how to create a system request
 Understand system feasibility
 Learn how to perform a feasibility analysis
 Understand how to select a project
 Become familiar with work breakdown structure, Gantt
charts & network diagrams
 Become familiar with use-case driven effort estimation
 Learn how to create an interactive project workplan
 Learn how to manage the scope, refine estimates and
manage the risk of a project
 Become familiar with how to staff a project
 Learn how the environment and infrastructure workflows
interact with the project management workflow
Introduction
 Project Management is the process of planning and
controlling system development within a specified time
at a minimum cost with the right functionality
 A project is a set of activities with a specified beginning
and end point meant to create a system that brings
value to the business
 Project Managers monitor and control all tasks and
roles that need to be coordinated
 Inception phase: generate a system request based on
a business need or opportunity
 Perform a feasibility analysis; revise the system request
 Approve or decline the project
Project Identification
 Projects are driven by business needs
 Identified by business people
 Identified by IT people
 (better yet) identified jointly by business and IT
 The project sponsor believes in the system and wants
to see it succeed
 Normally this is a business person
 Should have the authority to move it forward
Business Value
 Tangible Value
 Can be quantified and measured directly
 Example: 2 percent reduction in operating costs
 Intangible Value
 We know it will add value & save time, but we may not be
able to quantify or measure its benefits
 Example: improved customer service
The System Request
 A document that describes the reasons for and the
value added from building a new system
 Contains 5 elements:
• Project sponsor: the primary point of contact for the
project
• Business need: the reason prompting the project
• Business requirements: what the system will do
• Business value: how will the organization benefit from the
project
• Special issues: Anything else that should be considered
Feasibility Analysis
 Is this project feasible?
 What are the risks?
 Can these risks be overcome?
 Major components:
 Technical feasibility (Can we build it?)
 Economic feasibility (Should we build it?)
 Organizational feasibility (Will they use it?)
Technical Feasibility
 Identify risks in the following areas:
 The functional area: Are analysts familiar with
this portion of the business?
 The technology: Less familiarity generates more
risk
 Project size: Large projects have more risk
 Compatibility: Difficult integration increases the
risk
Economic Feasibility
(Cost-Benefit Analysis)
 Identify the costs and the benefits
 Assign values to the costs and benefits
 Determine the cash flow
 Determine the value using one or more methods:
 Net present value (NPV)
 Return on investment (ROI)
 Break-even point
Formulas for Determining
Value
Example Cost-Benefit
Analysis
Example Break-Even Point
Organizational Feasibility
 Will the users accept the system?
 Is the project strategically aligned with the business?
 Conduct a stakeholder analysis
 Project champion(s)
 Organizational management
 System users
 Others
Project Selection
 Projects are approved, declined or delayed
based on value added vs. risks
 Project portfolio management
 Goals:
 Maximize cost/benefit ratio
 Maintain an optimal mix of projects based on:
 Risk
 Size, cost & length of time to complete
 Purpose, scope & business value
 Limited resources require trade-offs
 Selected projects enter the project management
process
Project Management Tools
 Aids in creating workplans
 Identify all tasks, their sequence and estimate the time
to complete each one
 Work breakdown structures (WBS): a hierarchy of tasks
to identify:
 Duration of each task
 Current status of each task
 Task dependencies (shows which tasks must be
completed before others can begin)
 Gantt charts: horizontal bar chart that shows the WBS
graphically
 Network diagrams: PERT and CPM
Project Effort Estimation
 Estimation involves trade-offs between functionality,
time and cost
 It is the process of assigning projected values for time
and effort
 Most accurate estimates come from experience
 Use-case point method; based on:
 Technical complexity factors (13)
 Environmental factors (8)
Use-case Estimation Example
 Actors & Use-cases:
 Technical complexity factors:
 Environmental factors & final estimate:
Creating & Managing the
Workplan
 Workplan: a dynamic and sequential list of all tasks
needed to complete a project
 Approaches:
 Modify existing or completed projects
 Derive the tasks from the methodology being used
 Unified Process:
 Iterative & incremental
 Workplan is also iterative & incremental
 Tasks and time intervals follow the phases
 Different tasks executed for each workflow
Evolutionary
Work Breakdown Structures
 Organized in a standard manner across all projects
 Created in an incremental & iterative manner
 Generality supports learning from past mistakes and
successes
 Unified Process:
 Workflows are the major divisions
 Workflows are decomposed along the phases
 Phases are decomposed along the required tasks
 Tasks are added as each iteration is completed
Scope Management
 Scope “creep”
 Occurs after the project is underway
 Results from adding new requirements to the project
 Can have a deleterious effect on the schedule
 Project Manager is responsible to manage changes to reduce
scope creep
 Techniques to manage the project scope:
 Identify all requirements at the outset
 Allow only those changes deemed absolutely necessary
 Carefully examine the impact of suggested changes
 Delay some changes for “future enhancements”
 Time boxing
Staffing the Project
 Goals:
 Determine how many people are required
 Match skill sets to required activities
 Motivate the team to meet the objectives
 Minimize conflicts
 Deliverable—The staffing plan, which includes:

 Number & kind of people assigned
 Overall reporting structure
 The project charter (describes the project’s objectives and
rules)
Creating a “Jelled” Team
 A team of people so strongly knit that the whole is
greater than the sum of its parts
 Characteristics of a jelled team:

 Very low turnover rate
 Strong sense of identity
 A feeling of eliteness
 Team vs. individual ownership of the project
 Team members enjoy their work
The Staffing Plan
 Calculate the number of people needed:
 Lines of communication increase exponentially as

people are added to a project
 Create a reporting structure for projects with large
numbers of people assigned
 Form sub-teams as necessary
 Assign the Project Manager, Functional lead &
Technical lead
 Pay attention to technical and interpersonal skills
Motivating People
 Motivation is the greatest influence on performance
 Monetary rewards usually do not motivate
 Suggested motivating techniques:
 20% time rule
 Peer-to-peer recognition awards
 Team ownership (refer to the team as “we”)
 Allow members to focus on what interests them
 Utilize equitable compensation
 Encourage group ownership
 Provide for autonomy, but trust the team to deliver
Handling Conflict
 Preventing or mitigating conflict:
 Cohesiveness has the greatest effect
 Clearly defining roles and holding team members accountable
 Establish work & communications rules in the project charter
 Additional techniques:
 Clearly define plans for the project
 Make sure the team understands the importance of the project
 Develop detailed operating procedures
 Develop a project charter
 Develop a schedule of commitments in advance
 Forecast other priorities and their impact on the project
Environment & Infrastructure
Management
 Environment—Choose the right set of tools
 Use appropriate CASE tools to:
 Increase productivity and centralize information (repository)
 Utilize diagrams—more easily understood
 Establish standards to reduce complexity
 Infrastructure—Document the project appropriately
 Store deliverables & communications in a project binder
 Use Unified Process standard documents
 Don’t put off documentation to the last minute
Summary
 Project Initiation
 Feasibility Analysis
 Project Selection
 Traditional Project Management Tools
 Estimating Project Effort
 Create and manage the workplan
 Staff the project
 Manage the environment and infrastructure
work flows of the project

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Chapter 2:

 Deliverable—The staffing plan, which includes:

 Characteristics of a jelled team:

 Lines of communication increase exponentially as

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