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    Implicature: Pragmatics Course

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    M ASK
    Speaker B implies that he or she is not going to Paul’s party by responding "I have to work" to the question "Are you going to Paul’s party?". Grice showed that effective communication requires cooperation between speakers based on conversational maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relation, and Manner. Implicatures are what a sentence implies beyond its literal meaning, such as implying "You should turn up the heating" by saying "It is cold in here".

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    Implicature: Pragmatics Course

    Uploaded by

    M ASK
    57 views9 pages
    Speaker B implies that he or she is not going to Paul’s party by responding "I have to work" to the question "Are you going to Paul’s party?". Grice showed that effective communication requires cooperation between speakers based on conversational maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relation, and Manner. Implicatures are what a sentence implies beyond its literal meaning, such as implying "You should turn up the heating" by saying "It is cold in here".

    Original Description:

    Pragmatics material

    Original Title

    Implicature

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    Speaker B implies that he or she is not going to Paul’s party by responding "I have to work" to the question "Are you going to Paul’s party?". Grice showed that effective communication requires cooperation between speakers based on conversational maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relation, and Manner. Implicatures are what a sentence implies beyond its literal meaning, such as implying "You should turn up the heating" by saying "It is cold in here".

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    57 views9 pages

    Implicature: Pragmatics Course

    Uploaded by

    M ASK
    Speaker B implies that he or she is not going to Paul’s party by responding "I have to work" to the question "Are you going to Paul’s party?". Grice showed that effective communication requires cooperation between speakers based on conversational maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relation, and Manner. Implicatures are what a sentence implies beyond its literal meaning, such as implying "You should turn up the heating" by saying "It is cold in here".

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Implicature

    Pragmatics Course
    The process of
    communication is a
    process whereby the
    speaker conveys his or
    her meaning to the
    addressee by putting
    his/her meaning into a General Aspects
    code What is implicature in general way?

    NAME OR LOGO 2
    Example

    Literally Co-text
    A. Are you going to Paul’s party? A. Are you going to Paul’s party?
    B. I have to work. B. I am not going to Paul’s
    party.

    Speaker B implies that he or she is not going to Paul’s party. Thus the implicature that we can
    derive from the co-text is ‘I am not going to Paul’s party’. Of course, speaker B could have
    responded directly by “No, I am not”, but he or she gave preference to an indirect response.

    An indirect response is a more considerate, because psychologically it is more acceptable

    NAME OR LOGO
    Conversational Implicature

    NAME OR LOGO 4
    Conversational Implicature

    According to Grice, effective communication requires These rules he named maxims. He distinguished four
    such maxims:
    cooperation (joint effort, willingness to do what one
    • Maxim of Quality: Make your contribution true; so do
    asks you to do) between speakers: any answer the not convey what you believe false or unjustified.

    speakers make should be interpreted on the basis of • Maxim of Quantity: Be as informative as required.

    the Cooperation Principle. Grice showed how people • Maxim of Relation: Be relevant.
    • Maxim of Manner: Be perspicuous (clear in
    ‘cooperate’: people generally follow rules for efficient expression); so avoid obscurity and ambiguity, and
    communication. strive for brevity and order

    NAME OR LOGO 5
    Example

    A. Are you going to Paul’s party?


    B. I don’t like parties. Vs. No, I am
    not.

    If we know that speaker B likes parties, we could reason that if he or she meant
    what he or she said, it would be a lie and then the maxim of quality would be
    violated. So he or she must have meant (implied) something else.

    NAME OR LOGO
    In the process of communication, the speaker
    often wishes to avoid being categorical and thus
    evade responsibility for what he or she says.

    Hedges are classified according to the maxims,


    i.e. they are tied to the maxims of the Principle:

    1) Quality hedges, e.g. as far as I know:


    2) Quantity hedges, e.g. as you probably know:
    3) Relation hedges, e.g. oh, by the way
    Hedges 4) Manner hedges, e.g. this may be a bit
    confusing, but

    NAME OR LOGO
    Implicature is what the sentence implicates
    apart from what it says literally. For
    example, if one says ‘The Queen of
    England is very popular’, one presupposes
    the existence of the Queen of England; the
    presupposition is the proposition ‘There is a
    Queen of England’.

    If one says ‘It is cold in here’, one may


    imply that ‘the heating should be turned Summary
    up’. The implicature is the proposition ‘You
    should turn up the heating’.

    NAME OR LOGO 8
    Thank
    You

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