Results and Discussions

Results and Discussions

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Results and Discussions
Advantages;
Separate sections – allows one to focus first on
what results obtained and set out clearly what
happened in the experiments and/or
investigations without worrying about their
implications.
Results and Discussions
Advantages;
Separate sections – This can focus your mind on
what the results actually show and help you to
sort them in your head.
Combined sections - others find it easier to
combine the results with their implications as the
two are closely connected.
Results
It is where findings of the study are reported
based upon the methodology applied to gather
information.
It should state the findings arranged in a logical
sequence without bias or interpretation.

Annesley, Thomas M. "Show Your Cards: The Results Section and the Poker Game." Clinical Chemistry 56 (July 2010): 1066-1070.
Results
Importance of a well-written results section;
1. When formulating the results section, it's
important to remember that the results of a
study do not prove anything.
2. The page length of this section is set by the
amount and types of data to be reported.
Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Results Section. San Francisco Edit; "Reporting Findings." In Making Sense of Social Research Malcolm Williams, editor. (London;: SAGE Publications, 2003) pp. 188-207..
Results
Importance of a well-written results section;
3. Avoid providing data that is not critical to
answering the research question.

Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Results Section. San Francisco Edit; "Reporting Findings." In Making Sense of Social Research Malcolm Williams, editor. (London;: SAGE Publications, 2003) pp. 188-207..
Results (Content)
An Introductory context for understanding the
results by restating the research problem
underpinning your study.
Inclusion of non-textual elements, such as, figures,
charts, photos, maps, tables, etc. to further
illustrate key findings, if appropriate.
Annesley, Thomas M. "Show Your Cards: The Results Section and the Poker Game." Clinical Chemistry 56 (July 2010): 1066-1070.
Caprette, David R. Writing Research Papers. Experimental Biosciences Resources. Rice University;
Results (Content)
A systematic description of your results,
highlighting for the reader observations that are
most relevant to the topic under investigation
The page length of your results section is guided
by the amount and types of data to be reported.

Annesley, Thomas M. "Show Your Cards: The Results Section and the Poker Game." Clinical Chemistry 56 (July 2010): 1066-1070.
Caprette, David R. Writing Research Papers. Experimental Biosciences Resources. Rice University;
Results (Content)
A short paragraph that concludes the results
section by synthesizing the key findings of the
study.
 Use the past tense when referring to your results.

Annesley, Thomas M. "Show Your Cards: The Results Section and the Poker Game." Clinical Chemistry 56 (July 2010): 1066-1070.
Caprette, David R. Writing Research Papers. Experimental Biosciences Resources. Rice University;
Results (Problems to avoid)
Discussing or interpreting your results.
Reporting background information or attempting
to explain your findings.
Ignoring negative results
Including raw data or intermediate calculations.

Annesley, Thomas M. "Show Your Cards: The Results Section and the Poker Game." Clinical Chemistry 56 (July 2010): 1066-1070.
Caprette, David R. Writing Research Papers. Experimental Biosciences Resources. Rice University;
Results (Problems to avoid)
Be as factual and concise as possible in reporting
your findings.
Presenting the same data or repeating the same
information more than once.
Confusing figures with tables.

Annesley, Thomas M. "Show Your Cards: The Results Section and the Poker Game." Clinical Chemistry 56 (July 2010): 1066-1070.
Caprette, David R. Writing Research Papers. Experimental Biosciences Resources. Rice University;
Discussion
In terms of purpose, it should:
1. Interpret and explain your results
2. Answer your research question
3. Justify your approach
4. Critically evaluate your study

Annesley, Thomas M. “The Discussion Section: Your Closing Argument.” Clinical Chemistry 56 (November 2010): 1671-1674.
Discussion
 The discussion will always connect to the
introduction by way of the research questions or
hypotheses posed and the literature reviewed,
but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the
introduction

Annesley, Thomas M. “The Discussion Section: Your Closing Argument.” Clinical Chemistry 56 (November 2010): 1671-1674.
Discussion (General Rules)
Do not be verbose or repetitive
Be concise and make your points clearly
Avoid using jargon
Follow a logical stream of thought; in general,
interpret and discuss the significance of your
findings in the same sequence you described them
in your results section
Discussion. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College;
Kretchmer, Paul. Fourteen Steps to Writing to Writing an Effective Discussion Section. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008;
Discussion (General Rules)
Use the present verb tense, especially for
established facts; however, refer to specific works
or prior studies in the past tense
If needed, use subheadings to help organize your
discussion or to categorize your interpretations
into themes
Discussion. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College;
Kretchmer, Paul. Fourteen Steps to Writing to Writing an Effective Discussion Section. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008;
Discussion (Content)
1. Explanation of results
2. References to previous research
3. Deduction: a claim for how the results can be
applied more generally.
4. Hypothesis: can be viewed as new research
questions that emerged as a result of your
analysis.
Discussion. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College;
Kretchmer, Paul. Fourteen Steps to Writing to Writing an Effective Discussion Section. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008;
Discussion (In terms of Objectives)
a. Reiterate the Research Problem/State the Major
Findings
b. Explain the Meaning of the Findings and Why
They are Important
c. Relate the Findings to Similar Studies
d. Consider Alternative Explanations of the Findings
Discussion. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College;
Kretchmer, Paul. Fourteen Steps to Writing to Writing an Effective Discussion Section. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008;
Discussion (In terms of Objectives)
e. Acknowledge the Study’s Limitations
f. Make Suggestions for Further Research (this can
be elaborated more in the conclusion)
Besides the literature review section, the
prevalence of references to sources is also found in
the discussion section.
Discussion. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College;
Kretchmer, Paul. Fourteen Steps to Writing to Writing an Effective Discussion Section. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008;
Discussion (Things to avoid)
 waste time restating your results.
 recommendations for further research is
reserved in conclusion section
 introduce new results in the discussion section
 use of the first person (at some point it is
acceptable)
Discussion. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College;
Kretchmer, Paul. Fourteen Steps to Writing to Writing an Effective Discussion Section. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008;