Presented by:

AR. MARK ANTHONY S. GAMORA

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
The word renaissance literally means “rebirth” and is
the French translation of the Italian rinascita.

The two (2) principal components of Renaissance

style are the following: a revival of the classical
forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks
and Romans, and an intensified concern with secular
life—interest in humanism and assertion of the
importance of the individual.
 Renaissance Character
 Rusticated masonry, (rough masonry)
 Quoins, Balusters
 domes or raised drums
 Pediments
 Renaissance Character
 Baroque style - an exuberant style in 1600s, buildings with complex
shapes, extravagant ornaments, opulent paintings, and bold contrasts.
 Rococo style - In French, the word rocaille refers to rocks, shells, and
the shell-shaped ornaments used on fountains. During the 1700s, a highly
ornamental style of art, furniture, and interior design became popular in
France. Called Rococo, the lavish style combined the delicacy of French
rocaille with Italian barocco, or Baroque, details. (late Baroque)
 mansard roof
 FILIPPO
BRUNELLESCHI

The Renaissance architect was not trained in the profession of

architecture, which did not yet exist as a separate career;
rather, artists became architects via a variety of professions.

Q: He is widely considered as the first Renaissance architect,

and founder of Early Renaissance Architecture.
 DUOMO
The gothic style Florence Cathedral, was begun in the late 13th century,
but its magnificent dome was added later. Designed by the Italian sculptor
and architect Filippo Brunelleschi, the dome was built between 1420 and
1436. It is octagonal, a shape that echoes the interior eight-sided vault.

Q: Florence Cathedral was later called as “___________” , meaning

cathedral in Italy.
 LEON BATTISTA
ALBERTI
The first treatise on architecture was De re Aedificatoria (English: On
the Art of Building) in 1450. It was to some degree dependent on
Vitruvius' De architectura, a manuscript of which was discovered in
1414 in a library in Switzerland. De re aedificatoria in 1485
became the first printed book on architecture.

Q: Who was the author of De re aedificatoria?

 PALAZZO
MEDICI
RICCARDI
It was in Florence, Italy in the early
1400s that the Renaissance first
appeared, largely a result of the great
interest in architecture demonstrated by
patrons.

Q: This building was well known for its

stone masonry includes rustication and
ashlar. The building reflects the
accumulated wealth and political power
of the owner. Designed by Michelozzo di
Bartolomeo.
 PALAZZO
VECCHIO

Originally called the Palazzo della

Signoria, it was the hall of Florence,
Italy.

Q: What is the other name of this

building, the term means “Old
Palace”?
 DONATO BRAMANTE
St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican is the most renowned work of Renaissance
architecture. Regarded as one of the holiest Catholic sites. It has been
described as "holding a unique position in the Christian world" and as
"the greatest of all churches of Christendom".

Q: Who was the first architect of St. Peter’s who envisioned a

centralized Greek cross plan that symbolized sublime perfection for
him and his generation?
PALACE OF FONTAINEBLEAU
Château is a French castle or large house in France, often one that has
a vineyard attached and gives its name to wine produced there.

Q: What is the largest château in all of France, as well as the first to

demonstrate the Renaissance style as imported into France from Italy?
 LOUVRE, PARIS
This is the world's most visited art museum, one of the world's largest
museums, and a historic monument. A central landmark of Paris,
France, it is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the 1st district.

Q: During the Renaissance, it was initially a fortified castle built during

the reign of Philip Augustus, king of France from 1180 until his death
in 1223.
 ANDREA PALLADIO
Villa La Rotonda (Villa Almerico Capra) is a Renaissance villa just outside
Vicenza, northern Italy. The design is for a completely symmetrical building
having a square plan with four facades, each of which has a projecting
portico. The name La Rotonda refers to the central circular hall with its dome.

Q: Who was the architect of La Rotonda who is also regarded as, "the most
influential architect of the whole Renaissance“?
 EL ESCORIAL
A UNESCO World Heritage Site and the most important architectural monument of
the Spanish Renaissance. The project was conceived by King Philip II, who wanted a
building to serve the multiple purposes of a burial place for his father, Holy Roman
emperor Charles V; a Hieronymite monastery; and a palace.

Q: This building was designed first by Juan Bautista de Toledo and later by Juan de
Herrera. Also one of Spain’s most visited landmark. Name this building.
 CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL
Ospedale degli Innocenti is a historical building in Florence, central
Italy. Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, who received the commission in
1419, it was originally a children's orphanage. It is regarded as a
notable example of early Italian Renaissance architecture.

Q: What specific building type is this?

 PALLADIAN, SERLIAN,
OR VENETIAN WINDOW
Palazzo del Te or Palazzo Te is a palace in the
suburbs of Mantua, Italy. It is a fine example of the
mannerist style of architecture (last phase of
Renaissance, the acknowledged masterpiece of
Giulio Romano.

Q: What type of window was used here?

 PIANO
NOBILE
Palazzo Rucellai is a landmark
Renaissance palace in Florence,
Italy, whose façade was designed
by the renowned humanist an
architect Leon Battista Alberti and
erected between 1446 and 1451.

Q: At the second floor or above a

ground floor contains the principal
reception and bedrooms of the
house. What is this called?
 SIR CHRISTHOPER WREN
St Paul's Cathedral, is a Church of England cathedral located at the highest point in
the city of London. The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable
sights of London, with its dome, framed by the spires, dominating the skyline for 300
years.

Q: Who was the architect of St. Paul’s Cathedral and accorded responsibility for
rebuilding other 52 churches in the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666?
 BAROQUE
The "immense royal palace" of the king of France, Louis XIV. Made of cut
stone bearing masonry. It has 2143 windows, 1252 fireplaces, and 67
staircases. The gardens included roughly 1400 fountains, using water
pumped up from the Seine. Designed by Francois Mansart (1598–1666),
Louis Le Vau (1612–1670), and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Versailles, France.

Q: What style of architecture was Chateau de Versailles?

 SIR INIGO
JONES
The design of the Banqueting House is classical in concept. It introduced a refined
Italianate Renaissance style that was unparalleled in the free and picturesque
Jacobean architecture of England, where Renaissance motifs were still filtered through
the engravings of Flemish Mannerist designers. The roof is all but flat and the roofline
is a balustrade. On the street façade, all the elements of two orders of engaged
columns, Corinthian over Ionic, above a high rusticated basement, are interlocked in a
harmonious whole.

Q: Who designed the Banqueting House and was influenced by the style of Palladio?
 GIAN LORENZO BERNINI
He was a leading figure in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture along with his
contemporaries, the architect, Francesco Borromini and the painter and architect, Pietro da
Cortona. One of his well known works is the Piazza San Pietro (1656–1667), the piazza and
colonnades in front of St. Peter's Basilica and the interior decoration of the Basilica.

Q: This artist/architect is also a religious man, working in Counter

Reformation in Rome, who used light as an important metaphorical device in
the perception of his religious settings.
 TEMPLE
OF VESTA

"The Tempietto in the cloister of San Pietro in Montorio was built by

Bramanate after 1502, on the commission of the Spanish monarchs,
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile...” (Mitchell Beazley.
The World Atlas of Architecture. P276)

Q: This temple is the most important temple of Ancient Rome, it

became the model for Bramante's Tempietto. What temple is this?
19TH-CENTURY
ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
19th-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN
EUROPE
19C ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
19th-century Architecture in Europe
 Gothic Revival Architecture - architectural style
that drew its inspiration from medieval architecture
and competed with the Neoclassical revivals in the
United States and Great Britain. Only isolated
examples of the style are to be found on the
Continent.
 Gothic Revival Architecture
 Pointed windows with decorative tracery
 Grouped chimneys
 Pinnacles
 Battlements and shaped parapets
 Leaded glass
 Quatrefoil and clover-shaped windows
 Oriel windows
 Asymmetrical floor plan
 STRAWBERRY HILL

Gothic Revival home of Horace Walpole, located on the River Thames in

Twickenham (now in Richmond upon Thames, an outer borough of London),
Eng. Walpole bought the house as a cottage in 1747 and gradually
transformed it into a medieval-style mansion that suggested in its
atmosphere the setting of his famous Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto
(1765).
19th-century Architecture in Europe
 Romantic Architecture - first developed in England
during the late 18th century and the Industrial
Revolution of the 19th century. In architecture,
Romanticism often evokes past styles, such as the
Gothic style, seen in the mid-19th-century Gothic
Revival.
 ROYAL PAVILION, BRIGHTON, ENGLAND

The Royal Pavilion is a former royal residence located in Brighton,

England. It was built in three campaigns, beginning in 1787, as a seaside
retreat for George, Prince of Wales, from 1811 Prince Regent. It is often
referred to as the Brighton Pavilion. It is built in the Indo-Saracenic style
prevalent in India for most of the 19th century, with the most extravagant
chinoiserie interiors ever executed in the British Isles.
19th-century Architecture in Europe
 Beaux-Arts Architecture - The Beaux-Arts style
heavily influenced the architecture of the United
States in the period from 1880 to 1920. Depended
on sculptural decoration along conservative modern
lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and
Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic
finish and realism.
19th-century Architecture in Europe
Beaux-Arts Architecture:
 Flat roof
 Rusticated and raised first story
 Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand
entrances and staircases— to utilitarian ones
 Arched windows
 Arched and pedimented doors
19th-century Architecture in Europe
Beaux-Arts Architecture:
 Arched and pedimented doors
 Classical details: references to a synthesis of
historicist styles and a tendency to eclecticism;
fluently in a number of "manners"
 Symmetry
19th-century Architecture in Europe
Beaux-Arts Architecture:
 Statuary, sculpture (bas-relief panels, figural
sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and
other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the
identity of the building
 Classical architectural details: balustrades, pilasters,
garlands, cartouches, acroteria, with a prominent
display of richly detailed clasps (agrafes), brackets
and supporting consoles
 Subtle polychromy
 PALAIS GARNIER
is an elegant 1,979-seat opera house, which was built from 1861 to
1875 for the Paris Opera. An exemplar of the Beaux Arts style.
Designed by Charles Garnier.
19th-century Architecture in Europe
 Art Nouveau - translated simply as the “New Art,”
originated in Belgium and then France in the 1880s
as highly stylized and ornate, with floral shapes
and patterns applied to buildings that feature
curved walls and other organic forms. Recalling
natural rather than man-made objects.
19th-century Architecture in Europe
Art Nouveau:
 Modernisme – Spain – Antoni Gaudi
 Jugendstil - Munich and Berlin
 Sezessionsstil - Vienna, which in turn shared traits
with the Arts and Crafts style that had just been
introduced in Britain.
 TASSEL HOUSE
A town house built by Victor Horta in Brussels for the Belgian scientist and
professor Emile Tassel in 1893-1894. It is generally considered as the first true
Art Nouveau building, because of its highly innovative plan and its ground
breaking use of materials and decoration. Together with three other town houses
of Victor Horta, including Horta's own house and atelier it was put on the
'UNESCO World Heritage List' in 2000. It is located at 6, Rue Paul-Emile
Jansonstraat in Brussels.
 SAGRADA FAMILIA

Designed by Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926). Although incomplete,

the church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and in November 2010 was
consecrated and proclaimed a minor basilica by Pope Benedict XVI.
 CASA MILA
Better known as La Pedrera meaning the 'The Quarry', is a building designed by
the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí and built during the years 1905–1910,
being considered officially completed in 1912. It was a controversial design at
the time for the bold forms of the undulating stone facade and wrought iron
decoration of the balconies and windows, designed largely by Josep Maria Jujol,
who also created some of the plaster ceilings.
 VIENNA SECESSION
Also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, was formed in 1897 by a group of
Austrian artists who had resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists, housed
in the Vienna Künstlerhaus. The three main architects of this movement were Josef
Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, and Otto Wagner. Secessionist architects often
decorated the surface of their buildings with linear ornamentation in a form
commonly called whiplash or eel style.
 PARIS METRO STATION
is the rapid transit Metro system in Paris, France. It has become a symbol of the
city, noted for its density within the city limits and its uniform architecture
influenced by Art Nouveau. The Porte Dauphine, with a glazed canopy that
covers the underground entrance like a bonnet, was built in 1899 and is today
the only surviving Art Nouveau closed-roof metro station entrance. The entrances
featured greentinted cast iron railings, light figures, and sign posts that appear
to grow out of the ground like bean stalks sprouting upward and twining around
the stairwell. Designed by Hector Guimard.
19th-century Architecture in Europe
 Arts and Crafts Movement - The English Arts and
Crafts movement was first introduced in the 1860s
by the English artist, writer, and socialist William
Morris.
19th-century Architecture in Europe
Arts and Crafts Movement:
 Arts and Crafts objects were simple in form, without
superfluous decoration
 They tended to emphasize the qualities of the
materials used ("truth to material").
 They often had patterns inspired by British flora
and fauna and used the vernacular, or domestic,
traditions of the British countryside.
 CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH

A Scottish architect who worked mainly in Glasgow, is one of the best

known Arts and Crafts architects. In his building for the Glasgow School of
Art, constructed from 1897 to 1909, blends the curving, organic design
elements of Art Nouveau with a more modern angularity characteristic of
the Arts and Crafts style.
USA
ARCHITECTURE OF THE UNITED STATES
(1600s–1960s)
 WHITE HOUSE
The official residence and principal workplace of the President of the
United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest,
Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban.
Porticoes designed by BENJAMIN H. LATHROBE – the first fully trained
architect in the U.S.
 THE MONTICELLO, NR. CHARLOTTESVILLE
Regarded as the first truly Neo-classic monument in the U.S. Based on a
Roman Prototype (The Maison Carree, France). Designed by Thomas
Jefferson.
 BALLOON FRAMING
A system of framing a wooden building; all vertical structural elements of
the exterior bearing walls and partitions consist of single studs which
extend the full height of the top of the sole plate to the roof plate; all
floor joists are fastened by nails to studs.
 SHINGLE STYLE
Extensive use of wood shingles as exterior cladding over a timber
frame. Frequently asymmetrical and fluid plan arrangements.
(Photo: Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio)
 STICK STYLE
(QUEEN ANNE STYLE)

Use of vertical board

siding with battens or
grids of boards over
horizontal siding to
express the frame
construction beneath.
(Photo: Herman C. Timm
House )
 RICHARDSONIAN
ROMANESQUE
A style of Romanesque Revival
architecture named after architect
Henry Hobson Richardson. (Photo:
Trinity Church in the City of
Boston)
THE FREDERIC C. ROBIE HOUSE in Chicago is widely considered
Frank Lloyd Wright's finest example of the Prairie style. It was built in
1909.
 Modern
Architecture
Art Deco | Art Nouveau | Blobitecture |
Brutalism | Constructivism | Critical
regionalism | De Stijl | Deconstructivism |
Expressionism | Functionalism | Futurism |
Googie | High-tech | International style |
Jugendstil | Modernisme | New Objectivity |
Organicism | | Postmodernism | Streamline
Moderne | Sustainable architecture
BEST OF
THE BEST
FAMOUS EXAMPLE OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE
ART DECO

CHRYSLER BUILDING, USA EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, USA

(William Van Allen) (William Frederick Lamb)
ART NOUVEAU

CASA MILA, Spain

(Antoni Gaudi)
BLOBITECTURE

KUNSTHAUS GRAZ, Austria

Graz Art Museum
(Peter Cook and Colin Fournier)
BRUTALISM

UNITE D’ HABITATION, France

(Le Corbusier)
CONSTRUCTIVISM

THE MONUMENT TO THE

THIRD INTERNATIONAL
or TATLIN’S TOWER, Soviet
Union
(Vladimir Tatlin)
Critical Regionalism

SYDNEY’S OPERA HOUSE, Australia

(Jorn Utzon)
De Stijl

SCHRÖDER HOUSE, Netherlands

(Gerrit Rietveld)
Deconstructivism

IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM NORTH, England

(Daniel Libeskind)
Expressionism

EINSTEIN TOWER, Germany

(Erich Mendelsohn)
Functionalism

YALE CENTER FOR BRITISH ART, Connecticut

(Louis Kahn)
Futurism

CATHEDRAL OF BRASILIA, Brasil

(Oscar Niemeyer)
Googie

TWA FLIGHT CENTER or TRANS WORLD

FLIGHT CENTER, NY, USA
(Louis Kahn)
High-Tech

LLOYD’S BUILDING, London

(Richard Rogers)
International Style

VILLA SAVOYE, Poissy, France

(Le Corbusier)
Organic

FALLINGWATER, Pennsylvania, USA

(Frank Lloyd Wright)
Post Modernism

SONY BUILDING
(FORMERLY AT&T BUILDING)
NY, USA
(Philip Johnson)
Streamline Moderne

DAILY EXPRESS BUILDING, UK

(Sir Owen Williams)
Sustainable Architecture

Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

(Renzo Piano)
Philippines
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
 Philippine Character
 Use of indigenous (natural) materials for houses like
bamboo, palm leaves, sturdy wooden posts, carved
wooden sidings, cogon grass roof.
 Spanish-style high-pitched roofs,
 Capiz shell windows, barandillas, balconies,
 Coconut shell & wood design.
 Much use of galvanized iron sheet for roofing
WHO?
He believes that the true Philippine
Architecture is "the product of two great
streams of culture, the oriental and the
occidental... to produce a new object of
profound harmony.“

His largest single work is the Istana Nurul

Iman, the palace of the Sultan of Brunei,
which has a floor area of 2.2 million
square feet. The CCP Complex itself is a
virtual Complex with all five buildings
designed by him -- the Cultural Center of
the Philippines, Folk Arts Theater,
Philippine International Convention
Center, Philcite and The Westin Hotel.

LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
His greatest contribution is his belief that
there is such a thing as Philippine
Architecture, espousing architecture
reflective of Philippine traditions and culture.
It is also largely due to his zealous
representation and efforts that private
Filipino architects and engineers, by law, are
now able to participate in the design and
execution of government projects. He has
integrated strength, function, and beauty in
the buildings that are the country's heritage
today.

He designed the 1937 International

Eucharistic Congress altar and rebuilt and
enlarged the Quiapo Church in 1930
adding a dome and a second belfry to the
original design.

JUAN NAKPIL
He is best remembered for winning the
National Contest for the design of the
Quezon Memorial Monument in Quezon
City in 1951.

Buildings
Old GSIS Building
Philippine College of Commerce
Manila International Airport
Quezon Memorial Monument

FEDERICO ILUSTRE
He is best known for Manila's
Metropolitan Theater (1935), Legislative
Building (1926), now houses the
National Museum of the Philippines), the
Manila Central Post Office Building
(1926), the Cebu Provincial Capitol
(1937), the Bank of the Philippine
Islands Cebu Main Branch (1940), and
the Jones Bridge.

JUAN MARCOS ARELLANO

Holds the distinction of being the first
registered Architect of the Philippines.
He also founded the first Architectural
Association in the Philippines, the
Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA).

TOMAS MAPUA
He is the first University Architect of the
University of the Philippines.

Buildings
Church of the Risen Lord
Melchor Hall, University of the
Philippines, Diliman
Insular Life Building
Baclaran Church
Palma Hall, University of the Philippines,
Diliman

CESAR CONCIO
"Buildings should be planned with
austerity in mind and its stability forever
as the aim of true architecture, that
buildings must be progressive, simple in
design but dignified, true to a purpose
without resorting to an applied set of
aesthetics and should eternally recreate
truth“

Buildings
Galaxy Theatre
Nicanor Reyes Hall, Far Eastern
University
Life Theater
Ideal Theater

PABLO ANTONIO
He stood out as the youngest
pensionado when he was sent to the
United States to study architecture at
the age of sixteen.

Buildings
National Museum of the Philippines
Leyte Provincial Capitol
Manila City Hall
Bureau of Customs

ANTONIO M. TOLEDO
Son of Juan Luna to Paz Pardo de
Tavera.

Buildings
Luis-Perez-Samanlilio Building
Manila Hotel
Crystal Arcade
Legarda Elementary School

ANDRES LUNA DE SAN

PEDRO
A Filipino architect and national artist
noted for his Filipino inspired
architectural designs, i.e. The Coconut
Palace. He was proclaimed a National
Artist of the Philippines for Architecture
in 2009 by former President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo.

Buildings
Coconut Palace
San Miguel Corporation Building

FRANCISCO MANOSA
He was one of the pioneers of modern
interior design. All of his furniture
designed during the 50s and 60s are
still valuable until now.

Buildings
Asian Development Bank
De La Salle - College of St. Benilde,
School of Design & Arts Building

LOR CALMA
He started his career in the 1950’s and
by the 1960’s, he was already
successful and became the most popular
architect of the residences of the posh
Makati villages

Buildings
La Tondena Building
G.T. International Tower
Asian Institute of Management
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

GABRIEL FORMOSO
Buildings
Philippine National Bank, Escolta
Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company
Aglipayan Church
International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI)
Philam Life Building

CARLOS D. ARGUELLES
He received his undergraduate studied
architecture at the University of Santo
Thomas in Manila, earning a Bachelor's
degree in 1950. Same year, he passed
the Architect's Licensure examination in
the Philippines and garnered the third
highest rating.

Buildings
Asian Development Bank
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
Philippine Science High School
The Concorde Condominium and Office
Building

CRESENCIANO DE CASTRO
He cemented his status as a designer for
churches, most notably the Sto. Domingo
Church in Quezon City, which still is one
of the largest churches in the country.

Buildings
Meralco Building
Commercial Bank and Trust Company
Building
National Library of the Philippines

JOSE MA. ZARAGOSA

Buildings
Iglesia Ni Cristo, Cubao
Iglesia Ni Cristo Central Office
Iglesia Ni Cristo Central Temple

CARLOS A. VIOLA
Buildings
National Press Club (NPC)
Picache Building

ANGEL NAKPIL
In 1950, he was elected fellow of the
Philippine Institute of Architects. Likewise
he is also a member of the Board of
Directors of Arquitectura y Agrimensura
de Filipinas, the first professional
organization of Architects and Engineers
founded in 1902.

TOMAS ARGUELLES
Buildings
Angela Apartments
Calvo Building
Fathers Residence, University of Sto.
Tomas

FERNANDO H. OCAMPO
Aside from being an architect, he was
also an Physical Planner.

Buildings
Batasang Pambansa
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints
Development Academy of the
Philippines
Philippine Veterans Bank

FELIPE MENDOZA
He is a Maestro de Obra during the
Spanish Period.

Building
Gota de Leche

ARCADIO ARELLANO
Son of Arcadio Arellano and the
nephew of Juan Arellano. His nativist
orientation manifested in his salakot-
roofed Philippine Pavilion in the 1964
World Exposition and gateway of the
Wallace field during the 1953
Philippines International Fair.

OTILLO ARELLANO
Buildings
Times Theatre
Makati Medical Center
Araneta-Tuason Building

LUIS MA. G. ARANETA

References
 Palmer, Allison Lee. Historical Dictionary of Architecture. The
Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland Toronto Plymouth, UK.
2008
 Harris, Cyril M. Dictionary of Architecture and Construction.
McGraw-Hill. New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London
Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore
Sydney Toronto. 2006
 Chitham, Robert. The Classical Orders of Architecture, 2nd Ed.
Architectural Press An imprint of Elsevier. Oxford Burlington.
2005
 Mansbridge, John. Graphic History of Architecture. Hennessey &
Ingalls, 1999
 http://www.wikipedia.com
 http://www.arkitektura.ph