THE SEXUAL SELF

ASLIA MANAN H.
BSBA – 1F
 TOPICS OUTLINE

1. Perspectives of Human Sexuality

2. Female and Male Reproductive Organs
3. Clarifying Sexual Terminologies
4. The phase of human Sexual response
5. The Chemistry of Lust, Love and Attachment
6. Love: Emotion or Drive
7. John Lee's Love Style
8. The Triangular theory of love by Robert Stenberg 1986
9. The Chemistry of Love
10. Sexually Transmitted Infections
11. Methods of Contraception (artificial and natural)
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN
SEXUALITY
 THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY?

What is human sexuality? Consider the meaning of the

word sex. One use of the term sex refers to our
anatomic sex, male or female. The words sex or sexual
are also used to refer to anatomic structures, called sex
organs or sexual organs, that play a role in
reproduction or sexual pleasure.

Perspective of Human Sexuality

 The term human sexuality refers to the ways in
which we experience and express ourselves as sexual
beings. Our awareness of ourselves as females or
males is part of our sexuality, as is the capacity we
have for erotic experiences and responses. Our
knowledge of the gender roles in our culture also has
a profound influence on us.

Perspective of Human Sexuality

 PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
ON HUMAN SEXUALITY

Psychological perspectives focus on the many

psychological influences—perception, learning,
motivation, emotion, personality, and so on—that
affect our sexual behavior and our experience of
ourselves as female or male. Some psychological
theorists, such as Sigmund Freud, focus on the
motivational role of sex in human personality. Others
focus on how our experiences and mental
representations of the world affect our sexual behavior.

Perspective of Human Sexuality

 THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
The biological perspective focuses on the roles of
genes, hormones, the nervous system, and other
biological factors in human sexuality. Sex, after all,
serves the biological function of reproduction. We are
biologically endowed with structures that make sexual
behavior possible and, for most people, pleasurable.

Study of the biology of sex informs us about the

mechanisms of reproduction as well as of the
mechanisms of sexual arousal and response. We learn
that orgasm is a spinal reflex as well as a psychological
event.
Perspective of Human Sexuality
 Biological researchers have made major
strides in assisting infertile couples to conceive, for
example, through laboratory-based methods of
fertilization. Knowledge of biology has furthered our
ability to overcome sexual problems.

Perspective of Human Sexuality

 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
ON HUMAN SEXUALITY

The sociological perspective provide insight into

the ways in which cultural institutions and beliefs affect
sexual behavior and people’s sense of morality.

Perspective of Human Sexuality

 CROSS-SPECIES PERSPECTIVE
ON HUMAN SEXUALITY

The cross-species perspective reveals the

variety of sexual behaviors among nonhumans.
Studying the behavior of other species may suggest
that certain kinds of behaviors are “natural” in that
other species do not plan and evaluate sexual
behavior in the way that humans.

Perspective of Human Sexuality

 WHY IT IS USEFUL TO LOOK UPON HUMAN
SEXUALITY FROM MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES

Given the complexity and range of human sexual

behavior, we need to consider multiple perspectives to
understand sexuality. we may conclude that human
sexuality reflects a combination of biological, social,
cultural, and psychological factors that interact in
complex ways. Second, there are few universal
patterns of sexual behavior, and views on what is right
and wrong show great diversity.

Perspective of Human Sexuality

 FEMALE AND MALE
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
 SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE
ANATOMY

What are the parts of the female external sexual

anatomy?
• Labia
• Clitoris
• Opening of the urethra
• Opening of the vagina
• Anus
• Mons pubis

Female and Male Reproductive

Organs
What are the parts of the female internal sexual
anatomy?

• Vagina
• Cervix
• Uterus
• Fallopian tubes
• Fimbriae
• Ovaries
• Bartholin’s glands

Female and Male Reproductive

Organs
What are the parts of the male external
sexual anatomy?

• Glans
• Shaft
• Foreskin
• Frenulum
• Scrotum (balls)

Female and Male Reproductive

Organs
What are the parts of the male internal
sexual anatomy?

• Testicles
• Epididymis
• Vas Deferens
• Seminal Vesicles
• Prostate Gland
• Cowper’s glands
• Urethra

Female and Male Reproductive

Organs
CLARIFYING SEXUAL
TERMINOLOGIES
 SEX TERMINOLOGY EVERYONE SHOULD
KNOW

A lot of terminology gets thrown around when

talking about sex and it is awful being the person
stuck in the dark wondering what the heck your
friends are talking about, an extensive list of sexual
acts, body parts, sexual identities, etc.

Clarifying Sexual Terminologies

1. Clitoris — A bundle of nerve endings located on the
vulva that has the sole function of giving sexual
pleasure and orgasm to the woman.
2. Vulva — The female external genitals.
3. Erogenous zones — Areas of the body that respond to
sexual stimulation.
4. G-spot — An area located on the front of the inner
upper wall of the vagina that may (or may not) be
highly erogenous.
5. Hymen — A membrane at the entrance to a woman's
vagina.
6. Perineum — The area of skin between the genitals and
the anus in both men and women.
7. Cunnilingus — Oral sex performed on a female.
8. Felatio — Oral sex performed on a male.
9. Annilingus — Oral stimulation of the anus.
10.Tribadism — A sexual practice where two females rub
their genitals together for pleasure.
Clarifying Sexual Terminologies
11.Sodomy — Oral sex or anal intercourse.
12.Foreplay — Sexual activities for arousal prior intercourse.
13.Orgasm — Sexual climax; characterized by strong feelings
of pleasure and normally by ejaculation of semen by the
male and by involuntary vaginal contractions in the
female.
14.Swinging — A lifestyle of non-monogamy where sexual
relations occur outside the established couple that are
typically only for the purpose of sex and not for a romantic
relation.
15.Impotence — A man's inability to achieve or maintain an
erection.
16.Libido — The human sex drive.
17.Aphrodisiac — Certain foods, scents, music, drinks, and
behaviors, which can increase or promote the desire to be
sexual and/or sensual.
18.Orgy — Sex involving many partners.

Clarifying Sexual Terminologies

19. Fetish — Attribution of sexual significance to a nonsexual
material, object, action, or a part of the body, such as a
foot.
20.Sadomasochism (S/M or S&M) — Using pain (consensually)
as a sexual stimulant.
21.BDSM — An umbrella term for Bondage and Discipline (BD),
Dominance and Submission (DS), Sadism and Masochism
(SM).
22.Dominance and Submission — A set of sexual behaviors,
customs, and rituals where one person has control over the
other. Fifty Shades of whips, clamps and anal beads.
23.Bondage — Physical restraint for sexual stimulation
(consensually). Participants may use rope, chain, scarves,
ties, pantyhose, leather straps, or other restraining devices.
24.Tantra — A broad range of principles and practices of
sexual union between a man and a woman based on
Eastern philosophies of spirituality. Sanskrit for "woven
together."
Clarifying Sexual Terminologies
24.Asexual — A person who generally does not experience
sexual attraction (or very little) to any group of people.
25.Bisexual — Sexual, romantic and/or physical attraction to
both male and women
26.Pansexual — Sexual, romantic and/or physical attraction
to people regardless of gender or sexual orientation.
27.Cisgender — Denoting or relating to a person whose self-
identity conforms with the gender that corresponds to
their biological sex.
28.Queer — Historically a derogatory term to identify LGBTQ
people, but now used to represent people who identify
with a sexual minority.
29.Transgender — Someone who identifies as a gender
other than what they were assigned at birth.
30.Transsexual — Person who transitions from one sex to
another.
31.Transvestite — Person who dresses as the binary opposite
gender expression (cross-dressing).
Clarifying Sexual Terminologies
THE PHASE OF HUMAN
SEXUAL RESPONSE
 INTRODUCTION TO THE SEXUAL
RESPONSE CYCLE

The sexual response cycle refers to the

sequence of physical and emotional changes that
occur as a person becomes sexually aroused and
participates in sexually stimulating activities, including
intercourse and masturbation. Knowing how your
body responds during each phase of the cycle can
enhance your relationship and help you pinpoint the
cause of any sexual problems.

The phase of human Sexual

response
WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF THE
SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE?

The phase of human Sexual

response
 SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

The sexual response cycle has four phases:

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Both
men and women experience these phases, although
the timing usually is different.

The phase of human Sexual

response
 Phase 1: Excitement
General characteristics of the excitement phase,
which can last from a few minutes to several hours, include
the following:
• Muscle tension increases.
• Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated.
• Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on
the chest and back).
• Nipples become hardened or erect.
• Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of
the woman's clitoris and labia minora (inner lips), and
erection of the man's penis.
• Vaginal lubrication begins.
• The woman's breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls
begin to swell.
• The man's testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he
begins secreting a lubricating liquid.
The phase of human Sexual
response
Phase 2: Plateau

General characteristics of the plateau phase, which extends

to the brink of orgasm, include the following:

• The changes begun in phase 1 are intensified.

• The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow,
and the vaginal walls turn a dark purple.
• The woman's clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even
be painful to touch) and retracts under the clitoral hood
to avoid direct stimulation from the penis.
• The man's testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum.
• Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure continue to
increase.
• Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, and hands.
• Muscle tension increases.

The phase of human Sexual

response
Phase 3: Orgasm
The orgasm is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It
is the shortest of the phases and generally lasts only a few
seconds. General characteristics of this phase include the
following:

• Involuntary muscle contractions begin.

• Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their
highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen.
• Muscles in the feet spasm.
• There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.
• In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus
also undergoes rhythmic contractions.
• In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of
the penis result in the ejaculation of semen.
• A rash, or "sex flush" may appear over the entire body.

The phase of human Sexual

response
THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST,
LOVE AND ATTACHMENT
 LUST, LOVE AND ATTACHMENT

If you’re looking for the ‘science’ behind

relationships and emotions, the first person you should
google is Helen Fisher. She’s done amazing research
into the biology of love and attraction. After
extensive studies, Fisher believes humans evolved
three core brain systems for mating and
reproduction: lust, romantic attraction, and
attachment.

The Chemistry of Lust, Love and

Attachment
 LUST

Lust is animal attraction, your desire to have sex

with any semi- appropriate partner. Driven by the sex
hormones testosterone and oestrogen in both males
and females, lust involves cravings for sexual
gratification and biological horniness.

The Chemistry of Lust, Love and

Attachment
 ROMANTIC ATTRACTION

Romantic attraction makes you focus on a

particular partner and occurs when you are truly
love-struck and can think of little else. The three main
neurotransmitters involved in this stage, backed by
science, are; norepomephrome, dopamine, and
serotonin.

The Chemistry of Lust, Love and

Attachment
 ATTACHMENT

Attachment is the bond that keeps partners

together long enough for them to have and raise
children. The two major hormones involved in this
feeling of attachment are oxytocin and vasopressin.

The Chemistry of Lust, Love and

Attachment
 The emotions your body chemicals trigger serve
different functions. When lust, romantic attraction, and
attachment combine, you’re able to mate, bond, and
parent (if you choose). Fisher believes this evolution happens
for several key reasons:

The Chemistry of Lust, Love and

Attachment
1. The sex drive or lust evolved to encourage you to seek a
range of partners. By figuring out what type you like and don’t
like, you are better able to know when the ‘right’ one enters
your life.

2. Romantic love evolved to enable you to focus your

mating energy on just one at a time. It’s a refinement of lust.
That may be why it is easy to confuse lust and love. Through
her research, Dr. Fisher concluded that it is a fundamental
human drive, “like the craving for food and water, and
maternal instinct, it is a physiological need, a profound urge.”
(The Sex Contract and Anatomy of Love) Romantic love
comes from the primitive emotional centers of your brain and
involves the brain’s self-reward system, which is why we like
being in love.
The Chemistry of Lust, Love and
Attachment
3. Since romantic love by itself is not sufficiently
anchoring for long-term, cooperative child-rearing,
attachmentevolved to enable you to feel a deep sense
of union. When you have reached the attachment
phase, you tend to feel calm, secure, and comfortable.
It’s quieter than love and lust but no less powerful.

The Chemistry of Lust, Love and

Attachment
LOVE: EMOTION OR DRIVE
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN
EMOTION AND A DESIRE?
Just as the formal object of belief is truth, so the
formal object of emotion is evaluation: beliefs aim at
truth, emotions at evaluation.

Just like beliefs, emotions aim at being justified,

that is, at according with reality. In particular, they
aim at reflecting the significance or meaning of their
object for the subject.

Love: Emotion or Drive

Desires on the other hand aim at altering reality so that it
comes to accord with them. Thus, whereas emotions (and
beliefs) have a mind-to-world direction of fit, desires have an
opposite world-to-mind direction of fit: emotions aim at
reflecting reality, desires at altering it.

Emotions do seem to involve desires. If I am angry with John,

surely that is because I desire him to treat me with more
respect; if I am scared of the snake, surely that is because I
desire to continue living.

Emotions also seem to give rise to desires, for example, to

scowl at John or to kill the snake with my sabre.

Love: Emotion or Drive

 Notice, however, that desires of the first kind (desires
involved in emotions) differ from desires of the second kind
(desires arising from emotions) in that they are more abstract
or general or latent, and more akin to dispositions than desires
proper.

While desires can arise from emotions, they need not

do so, and come in many forms and shades, including wishes,
drives, urges, impulses, compulsions, longings, cravings, and
yearnings.
a desire gives rise to an emotion which gives rise to
another, different desire, and so on; or an emotion gives rise to
a desire which gives rise to another, different emotion—which
is why, in time, the two, desire and emotion, can become so
very difficult to disentangle. Desires born out of emotion and
emotions born out of desire can and do take on a life of their
own, and need not be less genuine for being secondary.
Love: Emotion or Drive
JOHN LEE'S LOVE STYLE
 JOHN LEE’S SIX TYPES OF LOVE

John Alan Lee is a 20th century Canadian

psychologist who proposed the idea that there are
six types of interpersonal love (three primaries and
three secondaries). In his 1973 book entitled, The
Colors of Love, Lee explains the six love types and
assigns a color to each.

John Lee's Love Style

 THE THREE PRIMARY TYPES OF LOVE

Eros. (RED) Eros love refers to a type of sensual or

sexual love. Eros lovers are passionate and romantic and
seek out other passionate lovers. They thrive on the
tantalizing nature of love and sex. They have an ideal
mate in their mind’s eye and believe there is only one true
love in the world for them. Sexual activity usually occurs
early on in the relationship and the sex is passionate and
exciting. Once sexual activity takes place, the Eros lover is
usually monogamous.

John Lee's Love Style

Ludus. (BLUE) This love is playful, flirtatious and carefree. Ludus
lovers do not care much about commitment as having fun
and being spontaneous. Variety is the spice of life and for
them the more partners the better. Ludus lovers do not share
intimacy; love for a Ludus person is fun, easy, and nonchalant.

Storge. (YELLOW) This can best be described as “friendship

love” or a type of affection that grows over time. Passion and
sex are less important than friendship and intimacy. This type of
love begins as friendship and evolves to romance and sex.

John Lee's Love Style

 THE THREE SECONDARY TYPES OF
LOVE

Mania (VIOLET) “Eros + Ludus” Jealousy, envy, and

control are the hallmark traits of manic lovers. Manic love
is frenzied, agitated, hectic, and chaotic. The highs are
very high and the lows are very low making the
relationship like a roller coaster ride of emotions. When a
manic relationship ends, the manic lover is unable to think
about anything but their lost love.

John Lee's Love Style

Pragma (GREEN) “Ludus + Storge” Practicality and logic guide
this type of love. With pragma love, the costs and benefits are
carefully weighed before entering into a relationship. It is non-
emotional and based on certain criteria like education level,
religious beliefs, and social status.

Agape. (ORANGE) “Eros + Storge” Agape love is selfless,

enduring, and unconditional. It is a love that provides intrinsic
satisfaction. Inherent in agape love is patience, kindness, and
permanence. Agape is considered the purest and truest form of
love.

John Lee's Love Style

 THE TRIANGULAR THEORY OF
LOVE BY ROBERT STENBERG 1986
 TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE

The triangular theory of love

holds that love can be
understood in terms of three
components that together
can be viewed as forming
the vertices of a triangle. The
triangle is used as a
metaphor, rather than as a
strict geometric
model. These three
components are intimacy,
passion, and
decision/commitment. Each
component manifests a Triangular theory
 INTIMACY

Intimacy. Intimacy refers to feelings of

closeness, connectedness, and bondedness in loving
relationships. It thus includes within its purview those
feelings that give rise, essentially, to the experience of
warmth in a loving relationship.

Triangular theory
 PASSION

Passion. Passion refers to the drives that lead to

romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation,
and related phenomena in loving relationships. The
passion component includes within its purview those
sources of motivational and other forms of arousal
that lead to the experience of passion in a loving
relationship.

Triangular theory
 DECISION

Decision/commitment. Decision/commitment
refers, in the short-term, to the decision that one loves
a certain other, and in the long-term, to one's
commitment to maintain that love. These two
aspects of the decision/commitment component do
not necessarily go together, in that one can decide
to love someone without being committed to the
love in the long-term, or one can be committed to a
relationship without acknowledging that one loves
the other person in the relationship.

Triangular theory
THE CHEMISTRY OF LOVE
CHEMISTRY OF LOVE

There are a lot of chemicals

racing around your brain and
body when you're in love.
Researchers are gradually
learning more and more about
the roles they play both when we
are falling in love and when we're
in long-term relationships.

The Chemistry of Love

 That initial giddiness that comes when we're first
falling in love includes a racing heart, flushed skin and
sweaty palms. Researchers say this is due to the
dopamine, norepinephrine and phenylethylamine
we're releasing. Dopamine is thought to be the
"pleasure chemical," producing a feeling of
bliss. Norepinephrine is similar to adrenaline and
produces the racing heart and excitement.
According to Helen Fisher, anthropologist and well-
known love

The Chemistry of Love

 Another possible explanation for the intense
focus and idealizing view that occurs in the attraction
stage comes from researchers at University College
London. They discovered that people in love
have lower levels of serotonin and also that neural
circuits associated with the way we assess others are
suppressed. These lower serotonin levels are the same
as those found in people with obsessive-compulsive
disorders, possibly explaining why those in love
"obsess" about their partner.

The Chemistry of Love

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are also

called sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs. STIs are
usually spread by having vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
More than 9 million women in the United States are
diagnosed with an STI each year.1 Women often
have more serious health problems from STIs than
men, including infertility.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Signs and symptoms may include:

• Clear, white, greenish or yellowish vaginal discharge.

• Discharge from the penis.
• Strong vaginal odor.
• Vaginal itching or irritation.
• Itching or irritation inside the penis.
• Pain during sexual intercourse.
• Painful urination

Sexually Transmitted Infections

 WHAT CAUSES STIS?

If you’ve ever had sex, you may be at risk for

having an STI. Your risk is higher if you have had many
sex partners, have had sex with someone who has
had many partners, or have had sex without using
condoms.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

 HOW ARE STIS DIAGNOSED?

Most STIs can be diagnosed through an exam

by your doctor, a culture of the secretions from your
vagina or penis, or through a blood test.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

CAN STI BE PREVENTED OR AVOIDED?

The only sure way to prevent STIs is by not

having sex. If you have sex, you can lower your risk of
getting an STI by only having sex with someone who
isn’t having sex with anyone else and who doesn’t
have an STI.

You should always use condoms when having sex,

including oral and anal sex.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

 METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL
 NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING

The natural family planning methods do not

include any chemical or foreign body introduction
into the human body. Most people who are very
conscious of their religious beliefs are more inclined to
use the natural way of birth control. Some want to
use natural methods because it is more cost
effective.

Methods of Contraception
 ABSTINENCE

• This natural method involves abstaining from sexual

intercourse and is the most effective natural birth
control method with ideally 0% fail rate.

• It is also the most effective way to avoid STIs.

• However, most people find it difficult to comply with

abstinence, so only a few of them use this method.

Methods of Contraception
 CALENDAR METHOD
• Also called as the rhythm method, this natural method of
family planning involves refraining from coitus during the days
that the woman is fertile.
• According to the menstrual cycle, 3 or 4 days before and 3 or
4 days after ovulation, the woman is likely to conceive.
• The process in calculating for the woman’s safe days is
achieved when the woman records her menstrual cycle for six
months.
• She subtracts 18 from the shortest cycle and the difference is
the first fertile day.
• She also subtracts 11 from the longest cycle, and this
becomes the last fertile day.
• Starting from the first fertile day until the last day, the woman
should avoid coitus to avoid conception.
Methods of Contraception
Methods of Contraception
 BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE

• The basal body temperature is the woman’s

temperature at rest.
• BBT falls at 0.5⁰F before the day of ovulation and
during ovulation, it rises to a full degree because of
progesterone and maintains its level throughout the
menstrual cycle, and this is the basis for the method.
• The woman must take her temperature early every
morning before any activity, and if she notices that
there is a slight decrease and then an increase in
her temperature, this is a sign that she has ovulated.
• The woman must abstain from coitus for the next 3
days.

Methods of Contraception
 CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD

The basis of this method is the changes in the cervical

mucus during ovulation.
To check if the woman is ovulating, the cervical
mucus must be copious, thin, and watery.
The cervical mucus must exhibit the property of
spinnbarkeit, wherein it can be stretched up until at
least 1 inch and feels slippery.
The fertile days of a woman according to this method
is as long as the cervical mucus is copious and
watery and a day after it. Therefore, she must avoid
coitus during these days.
When used typically, it has a fail rate of 25%.

Methods of Contraception
Methods of Contraception
 SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD

• The symptothermal method is simply a combination

of the BBT method and the cervical mucus method.
• The woman takes her temperature every morning
before getting up and also takes note of any
changes in her cervical mucus every day.
• She abstains from coitus 3 days after a rise in her
temperature or on the fourth day after the peak of
a mucus change.
• Symptothermal method has an ideal failure rate of
2%

Methods of Contraception
 COITUS INTERRUPTUS

• This is one of the oldest methods of contraception.

• The couple still proceeds with the coitus, but the
man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit
the spermatozoa outside of the vagina.
• The disadvantage of this method is the pre-
ejaculation fluid that contains a few spermatozoa
that may cause fertilization.
• Coitus interruptus is only 75% effective because of
this.

Methods of Contraception
 HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION
(ARTIFICIAL)

These hormonal contraceptives are effective

through manipulation of the hormones that directly
affect the normal menstrual cycle so that ovulation
would not occur.

Methods of Contraception
 ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

• Also known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain

synthetic estrogen and progesterone.
• Estrogen suppresses the FSH and LH to suppress
ovulation, while progesterone decreases the
permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperm’s
access to the ova.
• To use the pill, it is recommended that the woman takes
the first pill on the first Sunday after the beginning of a
menstrual flow, or the woman may choose to start the
pill as soon as it is prescribed.
• Advise the woman that the first 7 days of taking the pill
would still not have an effect, so the couple must use
another contraceptive method on the initial 7 days.
Methods of Contraception
• If the woman has missed taking the pill for more than
one day, she and her partner must consider an
alternative contraception to avoid ovulation.
• Side effects for OCs are nausea, weight gain,
headache, breast tenderness, breakthrough bleeding,
vaginal infections, mild hypertension, and depression.
• Contraindications to OCs are breastfeeding, age of 35
years and above, cardiovascular diseases,
hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and cirrhosis.

Methods of Contraception
 TRANSDERMAL PATCH

• The transdermal patch has a combination of both

estrogen and progesterone in a form of a patch.
• For three weeks, the woman should apply one
patch every week on the following areas: upper
outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks.
• At the fourth week, no patch is applied because
the menstrual flow would then occur.
• The area where the patch is applied should be
clean, dry, free from any applications. And without
any redness or irritation.

Methods of Contraception
 VAGINAL RING

• The vaginal ring releases a combination of estrogen

and progesterone and surrounds the cervix.
• This silicon ring is inserted vaginally and remains
there for 3 weeks, then removed on the fourth week
as menstrual flow would occur.
• The woman becomes fertile as soon as the ring is
removed.
• The vaginal ring has the same effectivity rate as the
oral contraceptives.

Methods of Contraception
Methods of Contraception
 SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS

• The subdermal implants are two rod-like implants

embedded under the skin of the woman during her
menses or on the 7th day of her menstruation to
make sure that she is not pregnant.
• It contains etonogestrel, desogestrel, and progestin.
• It is effective for 3 to 5 years.
• Subdermal implants have a fail rate of 1%.

Methods of Contraception
Methods of Contraception
 HORMONAL INJECTIONS

• A hormonal injection consists of

medroxyprogesterone, a progesterone, and given
once every 12 weeks intramuscularly.
• The injection inhibits ovulation and causes changes
in the endometrium and the cervical mucus.
• After administration the site should not be
massaged so it could absorb slowly.
• It has an effectiveness of almost 100%, making it
one of the most popular choices for birth control.
• Advise the woman to ingest an adequate amount
of calcium in her diet as there is a risk for decreased
of bone mineral density and to engage in weight-
bearing exercises.

Methods of Contraception
Methods of Contraception
 INTRAUTERINE DEVICE

• An IUD is a small, T-shaped object that is inserted

into the uterus via the vagina.
• It prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile
inflammatory condition to prevent implantation.
• The IUD is fitted only by the physician and inserted
after the woman’s menstrual flow to be sure that
she is not pregnant.
• The device contains progesterone and is effective
for 5 to 7 years.
• A woman with IUD is advised to check the flow of
her menstruation every month and the IUD string,
and also to have a pelvic examination yearly.

Methods of Contraception
Methods of Contraception
 CERVICAL CAP

• The cervical cap is

another barrier
method that is
made of soft rubber
and fitted on the
rim of the cervix.
• It is shaped like a
thimble with a thin
rim, and could stay
in place for not
more than 48 hours.

Methods of Contraception
 SURGICAL METHODS

One of the most effective birth control

methods is the surgical method. The two kinds
of surgical methods are used by either the
male or the female, and would ensure that
conception is inhibited after the surgery for as
long as the client lives.

Methods of Contraception
 VASECTOMY

• Males undergo vasectomy, which is executed through a

small incision made on each side of the scrotum.
• The vas deferens is then tied, cauterized, cut, or plugged to
block the passage of the sperm.
• This procedure is done with local anesthesia, so advise the
patient that mild local pain can be felt after the procedure.
• Advise the patient to use a back-up contraceptive method
until two negative sperm count results are performed
because the sperm could remain viable in the vas deferens
for 6 months.
• There is a 99.5% accuracy rate for vasectomy and has a few
complications.

Methods of Contraception
Methods of Contraception
 TUBAL LIGATION

• In women, tubal ligation is performed by occluding the

fallopian tubes through cutting, cauterizing, or blocking to
inhibit the passage of the both the sperm and the ova.
• After menstruation and before ovulation, the procedure is
done through a small incision under the woman’s umbilicus.
• A laparoscope is used to visualize the surgery, and the patient
is under local anesthesia.
• The woman may return to her sexual activities after 2 to 3 days
of the operation.
• Educate that menstrual cycle would still occur, and make sure
that coitus before ligation is protected to avoid ectopic
pregnancy.
• The effectiveness of this method is at 99.5%.

Methods of Contraception
The reproductive system is our tool as humans to
multiply or procreate. However, the earth would
become unlivable if the growth of the population
continues to boom. You have a choice among all
these birth control methods, and these are only a call
to be a responsible parent and citizen.

Methods of Contraception