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    Distributed Data Systems: BITS Pilani

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    Nithin
    The document discusses different types of distributed data storage technologies including RAID levels 4, 5, 6, and 10. It provides details on how each RAID level calculates and stores parity data to enable fault tolerance and data reconstruction. The document also compares the different RAID levels and discusses basic forms of storage such as direct attached storage, network attached storage, and storage area networks.

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    Distributed Data Systems: BITS Pilani

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    Nithin
    134 views19 pages
    The document discusses different types of distributed data storage technologies including RAID levels 4, 5, 6, and 10. It provides details on how each RAID level calculates and stores parity data to enable fault tolerance and data reconstruction. The document also compares the different RAID levels and discusses basic forms of storage such as direct attached storage, network attached storage, and storage area networks.

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    DSTN networking

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    S1-18-SS ZG554-L3

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    The document discusses different types of distributed data storage technologies including RAID levels 4, 5, 6, and 10. It provides details on how each RAID level calculates and stores parity data to enable fault tolerance and data reconstruction. The document also compares the different RAID levels and discusses basic forms of storage such as direct attached storage, network attached storage, and storage area networks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    134 views19 pages

    Distributed Data Systems: BITS Pilani

    Uploaded by

    Nithin
    The document discusses different types of distributed data storage technologies including RAID levels 4, 5, 6, and 10. It provides details on how each RAID level calculates and stores parity data to enable fault tolerance and data reconstruction. The document also compares the different RAID levels and discusses basic forms of storage such as direct attached storage, network attached storage, and storage area networks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    DISTRIBUTED DATA SYSTEMS

    BITS Pilani
    Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad
    Anil Kumar Ghadiyaram
    Text Books

    T1 : M. Tamer Özsu • Patrick Valduriez Principles


    of Distributed Database Systems Third Edition

    T2 : Distributed Operating Systems: Concepts And


    Design By Pradeep K. Sinha, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd
    R1 : Storage Networks Explained– by Ulf Troppens, Wolfgang
    Muller-Freidt, Rainer Wolafka, IBM Storage Software
    Development, Germany. Publishers: Wiley

    Note: In order to broaden understanding of concepts as applied to Indian IT industry, students are
    advised to refer books of their choice and case-studies in their own organizations

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 2 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    BITS Pilani
    Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

    L3 : Distributes Data Storage Technology - 3


    Reference : R1 - Ch. 1 & 2

    Source Courtesy: Some of the contents of this PPT are sourced from materials provided by Publishers of T1 & T2
    PRESENTATION OVERVIEW

    • RAID 4 AND RAID 5


    • RAID 6: DOUBLE PARITY
    • RAID 2
    • RAID 3
    • COMPARISON OF THE RAID LEVELS
    • BASIC FORMS OF STORAGE
    • COMPARISON

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 4 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    RAID 4 AND RAID 5

    • RAID 10 provides excellent performance at a high level of fault-tolerance. The


    problem with this is that mirroring using RAID 1 means that all data is written to the
    physical hard disk twice.
    • RAID 10 thus doubles the required storage capacity.
    • The idea of RAID 4 and RAID 5 is to replace all mirror disks of RAID 10 with a single
    parity hard disk.

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 5 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    RAID 4 AND RAID 5

    • RAID controller calculates a parity block for every four blocks and writes this onto
    the fifth physical hard disk.
    • For example, the RAID controller calculates the parity block PABCD for the blocks A,
    B, C and D.
    • If one of the four data disks fails, the RAID controller can reconstruct the data of the
    defective disks using the three other data disks and the parity disk.

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 6 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    RAID 4 AND RAID 5

    • From a mathematical point of view the parity block is calculated with the aid of the
    logical XOR operator (Exclusive OR).
    • For example, the equation PABCD = A XOR B XOR C XOR D applies.
    • The space saving offered by RAID 4 and RAID 5, comes at a price in relation to RAID
    10.
    • Changing a data block changes the value of the associated parity block.

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 7 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    RAID 4 AND RAID 5

    This means that each write operation to the virtual hard disk requires
    (1) the physical writing of the data block,
    (2) the recalculation of the parity block and
    (3) the physical writing of the newly calculated parity block.

    This extra cost for writeoperations in RAID 4 and RAID 5 is called the write penalty of
    RAID 4 or the write penalty of RAID 5

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 8 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    RAID 4 AND RAID 5

    • RAID 4 (parity disk) is designed to reduce the storage requirement of RAID 0+1 and
    RAID 10.
    • In the example, the data blocks are distributed over four physical hard disks by
    means of RAID 0 (striping).
    • Instead of mirroring all data once again, only a parity block is stored for each four
    blocks.

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 9 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 10
    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    RAID 5 (striped parity):
    In RAID 4 each write
    access by the server is
    associated
    with a write operation to
    the parity disk for the
    update of parity
    information.
    RAID 5 distributes
    the load of the parity disk
    over all physical hard
    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 disks. 11
    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    RAID 6: DOUBLE PARITY

    • RAID 6 offers a compromise between RAID 5 and RAID 10 by adding a second parity
    hard disk to extend RAID 5, which then uses less storage capacity than RAID 10.
    • There are different approaches available today for calculating the two parity blocks
    of a parity group.
    • However, none of these procedures has been adopted yet as an industry standard.
    • Irrespective of an exact procedure, RAID 6 has a poor write performance because
    the write penalty for RAID 5 strikes twice

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 12 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    RAID 2

    • In RAID 2 the Hamming code is used, so that redundant information is stored in


    addition to the actual data. This additional data permits the recognition of read
    errors and to some degree also makes it possible to correct them.
    • Today, comparable functions are performed by the controller of each individual
    hard disk, which means that RAID 2 no longer has any practical significance

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 13 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    RAID 3

    • Like RAID 4 or RAID 5, RAID 3 stores parity data.


    • RAID 3 distributes the data of a block amongst all the disks of the RAID 3 system so
    that, in contrast to RAID 4 or RAID 5, all disks are involved in every read or write
    access.
    • RAID 3 only permits the reading and writing of whole blocks, thus dispensing with
    the write penalty that occurs in RAID 4 and RAID 5

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 14 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    COMPARISON OF THE RAID LEVELS

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 15 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    BASIC FORMS OF STORAGE

    There are three basic forms of Storage

    1. Direct access storage (DAS)


    2. Network attached storage (NAS)
    3. Storage area network (SAN)

    And a number of variations on each (especially the last two)

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 16 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    COMPARISON

    DAS NAS SAN


    Storage Type sectors shared files blocks

    Data Transmission IDE/SCSI TCP/IP, Ethernet Fibre Channel

    Access Mode clients or servers clients or servers servers

    Capacity (bytes) 109 109 - 1012 1012

    Complexity Easy Moderate Difficult


    Management
    High Moderate Low
    Cost (per GB)

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 17 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    COMPARISON

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 18 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    THANK YOU

    SSZG554 - Distributed Data Systems 5th Aug 2018 19 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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