MACHINE LEARNING AND ITS APPLICATION

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 What is machine learning?
Machine learning (ML) is an algorithm that allows software applications
to predict the outcomes accurately without being explicitly
programmed. The basic function of machine learning is to build
algorithms that can receive input data and use statistical analysis to
predict an output.

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 How machine learning works?
 Machine learning algorithms are of 2 types- supervised
and unsupervised.
 Supervised algorithms require a data analyst with the
required skills to provide both input and desired output.
 Unsupervised algorithms use an iterative approach
called deep learning to review data and arrive at
conclusions. These algorithms are used for more
complex processing tasks than supervised learning
systems like image recognition, speech-to-text and
natural language generation.

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Examples of machine learning
 Siri & Cortana
 Facebook
 Google maps
 Google search
 Netflix
 Uber
 Gmail

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 Key elements of machine learning
 Representation: The way knowledge is represented. Like
including decision trees, sets of rules, instances, graphical
models, neural networks, support vector machines, model
ensembles, etc.
 Evaluation: The way programs are evaluated. For example
accuracy, prediction and recall, squared error, likelihood,
posterior probability, cost, margin, entropy k-L divergence, etc.
 Optimization: The way to generate candidate programs
known as the search process. For example combinatorial
optimization, convex optimization, constrained optimization.

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 Steps of machine learning
 Collecting data:
Data can be written on paper, recorded text files and spreadsheets or stored in an
SQL database. It is to be stored in an electronic format suitable for analysis.
 Preparing the data:
The quality of a machine learning project is based on the quality of the data it uses. It
is suggested that 80% of the effort is put into data preparation.
 Training the model on the data:
The specific machine learning task will inform the selection of an appropriate algorithm.
Then “feed” the data to the model during this phase and get a learner. A learner is a ML
algorithm that has been trained on some data and adjusted to fit the same.
 Evaluating model performance:
As each learner results in a biased solution, it is important to evaluate how well the
algorithm learned from its experience. Depending on the model used, evaluation of the
accuracy of the learner using a test dataset might be possible.
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 Improving model performance:
If better performance is needed, it is necessary to use more advanced
strategies to improve the model’s performance, or switch to a different model,
add additional data and perform additional work on the data. After this, if the
model appears to be performing properly, it can be used for its original task.
 Prediction:
Machine learning is using the data to answer questions. This is the point where
the value of machine learning is realized and finally the model can be used to
predict the outcome.

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 Advantages of Machine learning
 Data input from unlimited sources
It can collect large data with timely analysis and assessment. It helps to
review and adjusts your message based on recent customer interactions
and behaviours and also pinpoints relevant variables.

 Fast Processing and real time predictions

Machine learning algorithms operate at expedited levels and due to it’s
speed in consuming data it is able to tap burgeoning trends and produce
real time predictions.

 Practical scenarios This use is vital. Predictive analytics as well as their

impact on real life situations pertaining to customer acquisitions is
important to understand.
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  Machine learning in medical industries
It is used to predict admission rates. Medical systems
incorporate these technologies to streamline and centralize
expense reports and testing protocols.

 Machine Learning in insurance industry

It predicts different types of insurance and coverage plans;
predicts policy updates; predicts fraudulent insurance claim
volumes and also establishes solutions based on artificial
intelligence.

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 Disadvantages of Machine Learning
 Error diagnosis and correction
Actual problem is when the do make errors, it is really difficult to diagnose
and correct them because it will require going through underlying
complexities of algorithms.
 Time constraints in Learning
It is quite impossible to make accurate predictions with a machine learning
system because it learns through historical data. So, bigger the data, longer
the exposure to data, better the performance.
 Problems with verification
It lacks variability. It deals with statistical truths not literal truth. Certainty of
the situations excluded from historical data will be difficult to prove.
 Limitations of predictions
They don’t always provide a rational reason for a prediction.
It is basically prone to hidden and unintentional biases . Machine learning systems
are to answer questions , not to pose them in which human collaboration is
somewhat important.
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Machine learning is an enabler for analysis of massive quantities of data. While it delivers faster, more
accurate results to identify profitable opportunities or dangerous risks, it may also require additional time /
resources to train it properly.
TYPES OF MACHINE LEARNING AT A GLANCE

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 Supervised machine learning
 Supervised machine learning algorithms can apply basis past learnings to new
data using examples labeled to predict future events. With start of analysis of a
known training dataset, the learning algorithm produces an inferred function and
make predictions about the output values. After sufficient training, system is able
to provide targets for new input. The learning algorithm can compare output with
the correct and intended output and accordingly find errors to modify the model.

Supervised learning steps:

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 Supervised machine learning

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MACHINE LEARNING AND ITS APPLICATION
 Types of Classification Algorithms
Some of the main classification algorithms that are present in machine learning and used for different classification applications
are as follows-
Logistic Classification:-
Under the category of supervised learning; Logistic regression measures the relationship between the dependent variable
(Binary or Dichotomous with only two possible values like “Yes or No”, “Living or Dead”) which is categorical with one or
more than one independent variables by estimating probabilities using a logistic function.
K-Nearest Neighbors:-
KNN algorithm is one of the most used and straightforward learning algorithms in classification. Major vote of an object is
classified by its neighbors, with purpose assigned to the class most common among its k nearest neighbors .
Kernel SupportVector Machines:-
Kernel-SVM algorithm is mathematical functions set. The purpose of core is to take input data and transform that into required
form. Different SVM algorithms use different types of kernel functions e.g. linear and nonlinear functions, polynomial
functions, radial basis function, and sigmoid functions.
DecisionTree Classification:-
Decision tree classification have models in the form of a tree structure that can handle both categorical and numerical data. An
associated decision tree incrementally developed and simultaneously It breaks down large data-set into smaller subsets. The
final outcome is a tree with decision nodes and leaf nodes.

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 Types of Regression Algorithms
Some of the main Regression algorithms that are present in machine learning and used for different Regression
applications are as follows-
Simple Linear Regression:-
In simple linear regression, score prediction takes place on one variable from the ratings on a second variable. The
variable forecasting is called the criterion variable and referred to as Y. The variable based on predictions is called the
predictor variable and denoted to as X.
Multiple Linear Regression:-
Multiple linear regression technique is the most common form of linear regression analysis. As a predictive analysis,
the multiple linear regression is used to define the relationship between one dependent variable with two or more
than two independent variables which can be continuous or categorical.
Polynomial Regression:-
Polynomial regression is another form in which maximum power of the independent variable is more than 1 and
best fit line is not a straight line instead it is in the form of a curve.
Ridge Regression:-
Ridge Regression is one of the algorithms used for analysing multiple regression data that suffer from multi
collinearity. By addition of a degree of bias to regression calculates, it reduces the standard errors and the net effect
will be to give calculations that are more reliable.
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MACHINE LEARNING AND ITS APPLICATION
 Unsupervised machine learning
 Unsupervised machine learning algorithms are used wherein
information used to train is neither classified nor labeled.
Unsupervised learning studies establishes how systems can infer a
function to describe a hidden structure from unlabeled data.

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 Types of Unsupervised Learning
K MEANS CLUSTERING showing 3
clusters

K-Means Clustering:-
K-Means clustering where similar data grouped in a cluster and It starts with K as the input centroids in
random locations in the space. With the use of the Euclidean distance method calculate the distance
between data points and centroids, and assign data point to the cluster which is close to it. Recalculate the
cluster centres as a mean of data points attached to it and repeat until no further changes occur.

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Hierarchical Clustering:-
Hierarchical clustering have similar data grouped in a cluster. It is an algorithm that builds the hierarchy of
clusters. The algorithm starts with all the data points assigned to a bunch of their own and then two
nearest groups are merged into the same cluster. In the end, this algorithm terminates when there is only a
single cluster left.
Principal Component Analysis:-
Principal Component Analysis is an algorithms of Dimensionality Reduction, in this technique, it is
transformed into a new set of variables from old variables, which are the linear combination of real
variables. Specific new set of variables are known as principal components and as a result of the
transformation, the first primary component has the most significant possible variance, and each following
element has the highest potential difference under the constraint that it is orthogonal to the above
ingredients.
Linear Discriminant Analysis:-
The linear discriminant analysis is one of the algorithms of Dimensionality Reduction in which it also
creates linear combinations of original features and it optimizes the reparability between classes. LDA can
improve the predictive performance of the extracted features and offers variations to tackle specific
roadblocks.
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 Reinforcement machine learning
 Reinforcement machine learning algorithms interacts with its environment by
producing actions and discovers errors or rewards. Trial and error search and
delayed reward are most relevant characteristics of reinforcement learning.

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 Environment: Physical world in which the agent operates
State: Current situation of the agent
Reward: Feedback from the environment
Policy: Method to map agent’s state to actions
Value: Future reward that an agent would receive by taking an action in a particular state
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 Types of Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement Learning algorithms are present in machine learning, which applied for
different learning applications and some of the main algorithms are as follows-
Q-Learning:-
Q-learning is an agent attempts to learn the optimal strategy from its history of communication with
the environment. Q-learning learns an optimal policy no matter which procedure the agent is
following as long as there is no restriction on the plenty of times it tries an action in any state.
Markov Decision Processes:-
Markov Decision Process is a straightforward framing of the problem of learning from interaction.
The agent was selecting actions and the environment responding to these actions, and the agent and
the environment interact continually and presenting new situations to the agent.

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MACHINE LEARNING, DATA SCIENCE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• When computer has abilities of imitating aspects of human intelligence.
› All these 4 are inter-related Such areas include pattern recognition, vision and reasoning .1
to each other. Artificial Example: Google home
Intelligence • AI imitates human senses like hearing, vision etc.

• Branch of AI based on the idea that the systems can

Data Machine learn from data, identify patterns and make
decisions with minimal human interventions.2
Science Learning • Applications include spam detection, sales
forecasting, product recommendation- based on the
previously obtained similar data.
An interdisciplinary field of system and
process to obtain information from data
in various forms. It builds and modifies Deep • Specialized part of ML having artificial neural networks. It is when
AI software to obtain information from Learning ML is trying to imitate human brain.
large amount of data/ clusters of data3
• Applications include language transactions, speech and language
recognition, etc.

Source 1 : medium.com/@edd/bluffers-guide-to-ai-deep-learning-and-data-science-da350a6f9b3
Source 2 : sas.com/en_in/insights/analytics/machine-learning.html
Source 3 : greatlearning.in/blog/difference-data-science-machine-learning-ai/
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING

› Machine learning has become › In the current era, almost

a part and parcel of our daily every industry requires
works. Online shopping on Machine Learning to survive
amazon and other domains, and maintain it’s position in
using google maps for Traffic the ever-growing competitive
route, use of online social world where it is necessary to
platforms to connect with find efficient ways and gain
friends (Facebook) are all advantage over the
examples where machine competitors.
learning has been helpful.
USE OF MEACHINE LEARNING IN DIFFERENT SECTORS
ML IN HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY ML IN FINANCIAL SERVICES ML IN TRANSPORT/LOGISTICS

There is a prediction that machine The financial institutions use By 2030, it is predicted that
learning will be able to help with machine learning technology for self-driven cars will handle the
disease diagnosis and treatment. two main purposes:
transportation. On the other
Medical systems, by using data will (a) Identify insights in data to help
with investments- investors will hand, taking example of Uber
be able to help patients who will be know when to trade.5 ( identifying shortest traffic
able (b) Avoiding frauds- Huge data can free routes,
to avoid unnecessary tests.4 The use be scanned and unusual share rides while identifying
of wearable devices and sensors transactions noted in order similar route customers) - all
(eg: Fitbit) utilize data to assess a to combat fraud.2
these are done by using
patient's health in real time. machine learning.4
USE OF MEACHINE LEARNING IN DIFFERENT SECTORS
ML IN GOVERNMENT ML IN RETAIL SECTOR

Retailers use Personalized Product

By using machine learning, satellite images are Recommendation using Machine
obtained giving granular data about how Learning which helps them gain
urbanization is occurring in India. Using big data, fantastic revenues as these
which is a part of Machine Learning, the recommendations help increase the
economists have been able to determine trade conversion rates.4
flows across the states, labour flows as well as
the assessment of lifestyle patters of citizens
with income declaration (via statistics through
banks).6
 https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/practical-applications-of-
reinforcement-learning-in-industry
https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-real-world-examples-of-
applications-of-machine-learning-in-the-field
https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-real-world-applications-of-
simple-linear-regression
https://towardsdatascience.com/types-of-machine-learning-
algorithms-you-should-know-953a08248861

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