Causes of Water Influx Relationship Between:: - A Well and Oil Reservoir. - Oil Reservoir and The Aquifer

Chapter 8
Causes of Water Influx

Relationship Between:
• A Well and Oil Reservoir.
•Oil Reservoir and the Aquifer.
Water Influx Models
Van Evardingen and Hurst Model
Carter and Tracy Method
Fetkovich Method
Expressing Water Influx Analytically
Schilthuis Steady State Equation
Simultaneous Calculation of N and Aquifer
Constants
Water Influx From Linear Aquifer
Allan and Chen Method
WATER INFLUX
Causes of water influx includes:
I. Expansion of water in contiguous aquifer (common)
II. Artesian flow (rare)
Relationship Between Relationship Between Oil

Well And Oil Reservoir Reservoir And Aquifer
re
ro
rw ro
oil
well
oil water
Implications:
Adapt equations for flow of oil into well to solve problems of flow of water into
oil reservoir.
Derivation of Equations
Equation in dimensionless form:
 2 PD 1 PD PD
  This is the diffusivity equation.
rD 2 rD rD t D
Possible outer boundary conditions:
1) Infinite system.
2) No flow across boundary.
3) Constant pressure outer boundary.
Possible inner boundary conditions:

1) Constant flow rate into the well or oil reservoir.
2) Constant pressure at well or oil/aquifer boundary.
Initial Boundary Conditions:

1) Pressure is same everywhere in the reservoir.
Forms of Solution
Two forms of solution will be given.
The case where is constant rate at the inner

boundary and the solution gives the
variation of pressure with time and space.
The case where there is constant pressure

at the inner boundary and the solution
gives the variation of rate with time and
space.
Forms of Solution Cont’d
Constant rate at the inner boundary (well or oil-aquifer).
q
p  pi  p  PD (t D , rD ,..) Darcy units
2kh
141.2qB Oil field units

p  pi  p  PD (t D , rD ,..)
kh
Forms of Solution Cont’d
Constant Pressure the inner boundary (well or oil-aquifer).
2kh Darcy units

q(t)  (Pi  p)qD (t D , rD ,..)

kh
q(t)  (Pi  p)qD (t D , rD ,..) Oil field units
141.2B
Total Influx
In terms of total influx over a given time, t, we have:
t 2khp tD dt
o q(t)dt 
 o Dq D (tD)
dt D
dt D
t
tD
If we define : We  qt dt and Q D (t D )  o qD (t D )dt D
0
2
We  2hc t rw pQ D (t D ) Darcy units
2
We  1.119 hc t rw pQ D (t D ) Oilfield units
Note, in Darcy units:

kt dt D k
tD  therefore, 
2 2
 c t rw dt  c t rw
Nature of PD And QD Functions
The PD and QD functions depends on:
Time
Size of the system
Nature of the outer condition
No-flow outer boundary R1 > R2 Constant pressure Outer boundary

Infinite system R 1 > R2
Infinite system
R=
R=
R2 R1 R1
R2
Constant
R1
PD pressure
R1 No-flow
Log QD
R2 Outer outer
boundary R2 boundary
R1 > R2
R1 > R2
Log tD
Log tD
WATER INFLUX MODELS
Time Independent (Steady State) Model
For a single pressure drop P = Pi - P
We  Wi c t (pi  p)
c t  cr  c w Total compressibility in the aquifer (Sw =1)
Wi  (re2  ro2 )h Total amount of water in the aquifer
Basis of equation: Definition of volume Change due to expansion
Application: Small aquifers

Time Dependent Models
Hurst and Van Everdingen Model

Useful for many cases and different boundary
conditions.
Simplification of van Evandingen and Hurst

model
(I) Hurst Model
(ii) Carter and Tracy (Infinite aquifer)
(iii) Fetkovitch (Finite aquifer)
Time Dependent Models
Definitions In Water Influx Models
Dimensionless pressure
k
mh Pi  P P P
PD  ;PD  i
141.2q w B w w Pi  Pw
Dimensionless distance,
r
rD 
ro c to  o ro
kw ko
Dimensionless time, w o re
Ak w t w Oil reservoir
tD 
 w  w c twro2 C tw  c r  c w
Aquifer
A = 0.000264 if t is in hours
= 0.00633 if t is in days
Time Dependent Model
Solution
1. Complete surrounding of oil reservoir by aquifer
We  2 hc t r02 pQ D (t D ) (Darcy’s units)
oil
Water
Time Dependent Model Solution
Cont’d
2. Partial encroachment
We  2 hc t r02 f Q D (t D )p
encroachment angle
Where, f
360
Time Dependent Model Solution
Cont’d
Generally: We  CpQ D (t D )
Where C is the aquifer constant defined in both oilfield and Darcy units for
different geometries as follows.
Values Of C For Different System

Geometry Darcy cc/atm Oilfield bbl/psi Aquifer
oil
Radial 2fh c t r02 1.119fh c t r02
Linear tD 
kt
tD 
Akt
oil
c t L2 c t L2 Aquifer
C  WLh  c t C  0.1781WLhc t
W L
Sources Of Data For QD (tD)-
Equations
(i). See Tables for approximate values of QD(tD) for

infinite and finite aquifers.
(ii). At long time, QD(tD) for finite radial aquifer is:
1 2
 re 

Q D (t D )    1
2 r 2 
 0 
We  Wi C tw p !Same as time independent

Sources Of Data For QD (tD)-
Equations
(iii). For finite linear aquifers, at long time,
QD (t D )  1
(iv). Infinite Linear Aquifer

tD
Q D (t D )  2

Substituting in the water influx equation:
 k Ct t
We  2hw p cc (Darcy units)

kC t t
We  3.26 x10  3 hw p bbl Oilfieldunits 

Note: At early time, all systems behave as infinite system

Exercise No. 23
An aquifer of 28850 acres includes an oil reservoir of 451 acres.
The formation has the following properties:
Porosity, Ø = 22 %
Thickness, h = 60 ft
Formation compressibility, Cf = 4 x 10 -6 psi -1
Aquifer permeability, kw = 100 md
Water viscosity, µw = 0.3 cp
Water compressibility, Cw = 3 x 10 -6 psi –1
The connate water saturation in the oil reservoir is 26 % and the oil reservoir is
approximately centered in the closed aquifer. It is exposed to water influx on all
its periphery
Exercise No. 23
(a)What is the maximum dimensionless
cumulative production Q D (t D) max for this
system?
(b) What is the maximum water influx if the

reservoir boundary pressure is lowered and
maintained at 3450 psi from an initial
pressure of 3500 psi.
(c) What is the water influx at 100 days if the

reservoir boundary pressure is lowered and
maintained at 3450 psi from an initial
pressure of 3500 psi.
Solution Procedure
A.(i) calculate re and ro in ft (43560 sq ft = 1 acre)
(ii) Calculate the maximum Q D (t D). Check with graph or
table to confirm
1  re2 
Q D (t D )    1
2  ro2 
B. (i) calculate the aquifer constant
Crb / psi   1.119 fh C t r02
(ii) Calculate water influx

We  Cp QD t D 
Solution Procedure
C (i) calculate the dimensionless aquifer size

r
re D  e
ro
(ii) Calculate the dimensionless time

0.00633 Kt
tD  t is in days
 w  w C twro 2
(iii) With re D and t D find QD (t D) from graph or table

(iv) Calculate water influx,
We  CpQD (t D )
Water Influx- Varying p
We  CpQ D (t D )
Really, p  f ( t )
We is found using superposition
A. Stepwise drop in pressure
Pi Pi-P
P1
We(TD )  C(Pi  p) Q D (TD )
P1-P2
P2
P3 (P1  p 2 )Q D (TD  TD 1)
 (P2  p2)Q D (TD  TD2 ) 
t D2 t D3
t D1
TD
B. Continuously declining pressure solution:
Approximate as stepwise and use superposition
Pi PA , PB etc are calculate pressures at each step level
PA
(Pi –p1)/2
PB
(P1-p2)/2
tD1 tD2 tD3 TD

Time
(Pi  p1) (Pi  P1)
p1  Pi  p A  Pi  
2 2
(Pi  p1) (P1  P2 ) (pi  p 2 )
p 2  p A  pB   
2 2 2
(P1  p 2 ) (p 2  p 3 ) (P1  p 3 )
p 3  pB  p C   
2 2 2
(P2  p 4 )
P4 
2
(P3  p 5 )
P5 
2
We  CP1QD (TD )  P2 QD (TD  t D1)  P3QD (TD  t D2 )  .......... 
Note: Aquifer reservoir boundary pressure not always known.

Assume pressure decline at the contact is same as that of the
Average oil reservoir pressure
Class problem
t P psi P t D TD  t D QD (TD  t D ) PQD (TD  t D )
days
0 3500
100 3490
200 3476
300 3453
400 3444
500 3420
 We  C  PQ D (TD  tD)

END OF CHAPTER EIGHT

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Chapter 8

Causes of Water Influx

Relationship Between Relationship Between Oil

Possible inner boundary conditions:

Initial Boundary Conditions:

Two forms of solution will be given.

The case where is constant rate at the inner

The case where there is constant pressure

141.2qB Oil field units

Constant Pressure the inner boundary (well or oil-aquifer).

2kh Darcy units

Note, in Darcy units:

No-flow outer boundary R1 > R2 Constant pressure Outer boundary

c t  cr  c w Total compressibility in the aquifer (Sw =1)

Wi  (re2  ro2 )h Total amount of water in the aquifer

Basis of equation: Definition of volume Change due to expansion

Application: Small aquifers

Hurst and Van Everdingen Model

Simplification of van Evandingen and Hurst

We  2 hc t r02 pQ D (t D ) (Darcy’s units)

We  2 hc t r02 f Q D (t D )p

Values Of C For Different System

(i). See Tables for approximate values of QD(tD) for

(ii). At long time, QD(tD) for finite radial aquifer is:

We  Wi C tw p !Same as time independent

(iv). Infinite Linear Aquifer

Note: At early time, all systems behave as infinite system

(b) What is the maximum water influx if the

(c) What is the water influx at 100 days if the

B. (i) calculate the aquifer constant

Crb / psi   1.119 fh C t r02

(ii) Calculate water influx

C (i) calculate the dimensionless aquifer size

(ii) Calculate the dimensionless time

(iii) With re D and t D find QD (t D) from graph or table

A. Stepwise drop in pressure

 (P2  p2)Q D (TD  TD2 ) 

Pi PA , PB etc are calculate pressures at each step level

tD1 tD2 tD3 TD

We  CP1QD (TD )  P2 QD (TD  t D1)  P3QD (TD  t D2 )  .......... 

Note: Aquifer reservoir boundary pressure not always known.

 We  C  PQ D (TD  tD)

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