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    Infinite Wing Vs Finite Wing

    Uploaded by

    Badal Machchhar
    1) The U2 flies at high altitudes where air density is low, allowing it to fly at slow speeds with high angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a high aspect ratio of 14.3. 2) The F-15 flies at lower altitudes with higher air densities, requiring high speeds with low angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a lower aspect ratio of around 3. 3) Due to its high aspect ratio and low speed flight, the U2 would be more sensitive to atmospheric turbulence compared to the F-15's low aspect ratio and high speed flight.

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    Infinite Wing Vs Finite Wing

    Uploaded by

    Badal Machchhar
    287 views7 pages
    1) The U2 flies at high altitudes where air density is low, allowing it to fly at slow speeds with high angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a high aspect ratio of 14.3. 2) The F-15 flies at lower altitudes with higher air densities, requiring high speeds with low angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a lower aspect ratio of around 3. 3) Due to its high aspect ratio and low speed flight, the U2 would be more sensitive to atmospheric turbulence compared to the F-15's low aspect ratio and high speed flight.

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    Infinite-Wing-vs-Finite-Wing.ppt

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    1) The U2 flies at high altitudes where air density is low, allowing it to fly at slow speeds with high angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a high aspect ratio of 14.3. 2) The F-15 flies at lower altitudes with higher air densities, requiring high speeds with low angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a lower aspect ratio of around 3. 3) Due to its high aspect ratio and low speed flight, the U2 would be more sensitive to atmospheric turbulence compared to the F-15's low aspect ratio and high speed flight.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    287 views7 pages

    Infinite Wing Vs Finite Wing

    Uploaded by

    Badal Machchhar
    1) The U2 flies at high altitudes where air density is low, allowing it to fly at slow speeds with high angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a high aspect ratio of 14.3. 2) The F-15 flies at lower altitudes with higher air densities, requiring high speeds with low angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a lower aspect ratio of around 3. 3) Due to its high aspect ratio and low speed flight, the U2 would be more sensitive to atmospheric turbulence compared to the F-15's low aspect ratio and high speed flight.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 7
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are about the relationships between wing loading, span loading, aspect ratio and how they impact drag. It also discusses the differences between finite and infinite wings.

    Span loading (W/b), wing loading (W/S) and aspect ratio (AR, b^2/S) are related. Increasing AR will decrease the ratio of induced drag to zero-lift drag, whereas span loading controls the actual value of induced drag.

    A finite wing has a smaller lift slope than an infinite wing with the same airfoil cross-section due to the influence of induced angle of attack. The lift slope of a finite wing can be calculated from the infinite wing lift slope and the aspect ratio.

    U2 VS.

    F-15
    1
    L  W   V SC L
    C L2
    C D  cd 
    2

    2 eAR

    U2 F-15
    • Cruise at 70,000 ft • Flies at high speed (and lower
    – Air density highly reduced altitudes), so high q∞ → low
    • Flies at slow speeds, low q∞ → angle of attack, low CL
    high angle of attack, high CL
    • AR ~ 3
    • AR ~ 14.3

    AR ↑ and Di ↓, but which to control b2 or S?


    1
    WING LOADING (W/S), SPAN LOADING (W/b) AND ASPECT RATIO (b2/S)

    W W  b Span loading (W/b), wing loading (W/S)


      and AR (b2/S) are related
    b  S  AR

    D0  q SC D , 0 Zero-lift drag, D0 is proportional to wing area


    2
    1 W 
    Di    Induced drag, Di, is proportional to square
    eq  b  of span loading

    Di  1  W  
    2
    1
        Take ratio of these drags, Di/D0
    D0  eq  b   q SC D , 0

    W2

    W    
    S 
    2
    W
    S
    2 Re-write W2/(b2S) in terms of AR and substitute into
    drag ratio Di/D0
    2
    b2S b AR
    S 1: For specified W/S (set by take-off or landing
    requirements) and CD,0 (airfoil choice), increasing AR

    Di

    1  S
    W
    2 will decrease drag due to lift relative to zero-lift drag
    2: AR predominately controls ratio of induced drag to
    D0 eq2 C D , 0 AR zero lift drag, whereas span loading controls actual value
    of induced drag
    2
    EXAMPLE: AIRBUS A380 / BOEING 747 COMPARISON

    • Wingspan: 79.8 m • Wingspan: 68.5 m


    • AR: 7.53 • AR: 7.98
    • GTOW: 560 T • GTOW: 440 T
    • Loading: GTOW/b2: 87.94 • Loading: GTOW/b2: 93.77
    3
    FINITE WING CHANGE IN LIFT SLOPE (≠ 2)
    a  a eff  a i

    • Lift curve for a finite wing has a smaller slope


    than corresponding curve for an infinite wing
    with same airfoil cross-section
    • Figure (a) shows infinite wing, ai = 0, so plot is
    CL vs. ageom or aeff and slope is a0

    • Figure (b) shows finite wing, ai ≠ 0


    – Plot CL vs. what we see, ageom, (or what
    would be easy to measure in a wind
    tunnel), not what wing sees, aeff

    1. Effect of finite wing is to reduce lift curve slope


    – Finite wing lift slope = a = dCL/da ≠ 2
    2. At CL = 0, ai = 0, so aL=0 same for infinite or
    finite wings
    4
    CALCULATING CHANGE IN LIFT SLOPE
    • If we know a0 (infinite wing lift slope, say from data) how can we find finite wing
    lift slope, a, for wing with given AR?
    dC L
     a0 Lift slope definition for infinite wing
    d a  a i 

    C L  a0 a  a i   const Integrate

     C 
    C L  a0  a  L   const
     eAR  Substitute definition of ai
    a a  const
    CL  0 Solve for CL
    a
    1 0
    eAR

    dC L
    a
    a0 Differentiate CL with respect to a
    da 1
    a0 to find lift slope for finite wing
    eAR Note: Equation is in radians
    5
    EXAMPLE: FINITE WING COMPOSED OF NACA 23012 AIRFOIL
    Consider a wing with AR=10 and NACA 23012 airfoil section, Re = 5 million, and
    span efficiency factor, e = 0.9. The wing is at an angle of attack, a = 4º
    Find CL and CD for finite wing

    6
    EXAMPLE: U2 VS. F-15
    1
    L  W   V SC L
    C L2
    C D  cd 
    2

    2 eAR

    U2 F-15
    • Cruise at 70,000 ft • Flies at high speed (and lower
    – Air density highly reduced altitudes), so high q∞ → low
    • Flies at slow speeds, low q∞ → angle of attack, low CL
    high angle of attack, high CL
    • AR ~ 3
    • AR ~ 14.3

    Which of airplane is more sensitive to atmospheric turbulence?


    7

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