Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Thomas V Widiyatno
Objectives :
 To explain general aspects of
the disease of female genital
system and the pathogenesis
if known and to illustrate their
lesions
Portals of Entry into the Female Genital System
 Ascending infection through cervix

 At insemination
 Excessive vaginal contamination
 Postpartum and with retained fetal membrane
 Hematogenous
 Localization in maternofetal interface
 Descending from ovary via uterine tube
 Transneural recrudescence of Herpesvirus infection

 Ascending infections are initiated at estrous,
breeding and parturition
 Hematogenous infections are less common and
usually involved in specific infection such as
brucellosis. They usually occur during pregnancy
 Some viral and chlamydial infections can be
descending from the ovary through the uterine
tube
 Transaxonal of the distal reproductive tract
occurs with some herpesvirus, where stressful
event such as parturition cause a recrudescence.
Neonates can be exposed and infected via this
route, but clinical disease in the mother is unusual
Portals of entry into the
Mammary Gland
 Ascending ductular route
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Therapeutic agents
 Systemic infection and localization
 Systemic fungi, viruses, mycoplasmas, mycobacteria
 Lymphatic spread
 Teat lesion
 Direct penetration
 Penetrating injury
DISEASES
OF FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM
Normal sexual development
 Early in sexual differentiation, the embryo has
a double set of ducts : the mesonephric
ducts and tubules, and the paramesonephric
(Müllerian) ducts. The tubular genitalia of the
female develops from paramesonephric
ducts, and mesonephric ducts disappear.
 The sex of an individual can be defined at several different
levels : genetic, chromosomal, gonadal, ductal and
phenotypic
Major anomaly (1)
 True Hermaphrodites
have both male and female gonads, usually
ovotestes. They are phenotypically female with
masculinization
Gilt : a female hog/pig
that has not reproduced
Major anomaly (2)
 Chimerism
Animals that are chimeras for the sex
chromosomes have ambiguous reproductive
organs.
The most common chimera in domestic animals

is the freemartin calf
OVARY
 Developmental anomalies
Agenesis
Hypoplasia
Cyst
cysts in and around (paraovarian) the ovary
are common finding
 Acquired ovarian lesion
Oophoritis (inflammation of the ovary)
eg.: BHV-1 infection
 Cystic Ovarian (Graafian) follicles
the disease in cows is called Cystic Ovarian
Degeneration (COD)
This cyst probably develop because of LH deficiency or
defect on LH receptor in the ovary
UTERUS
 Inflammation
1. Endometritis
is inflammation limited to the endometrium, usually due to bacterial
infection in non-pregnant animal
2. Metritis
is inflammation of all layers of uterine walls
3. Pyometra
occurs as sequela to endometritis or metritis . It is an acute or
chronic infection of the uterus with accumulation of pus in the lumen.
The closure of the cervix is not always complete, and some discharge
occurs
Non inflammatory diseases (uterus)
 Torsion of the uterus

occurs in pregnant animals, mainly in cows.
Mesovarium is the fixed point, and the other
fixed point influenced by the length of the
horns and the rigidity of the ligament between
the horns
 Prolapse of the uterus after parturition.
Causa : prolonged dystocia, hypocalcemia and
ingestion of estrogenic plants
PLACENTA AND FETUS
 INFECTIOUS DISEASE
1. Brucellosis is now a rare or sporadic disease of all
species
2. Campylobacter fetus var. venerealis infection, it is
transmitted venereally and causes embryonic death.
3. Coxiella burnetti, the cause of Q fever in human
beings, is responsible for abortion or weak lambs or
kids. Infection in goats is more common
 Other infections
Aspergillosis (Fungal diseases)
Herpesvirus (viral diseases)

generally, the gross lesions in affected fetuses are
multiple randomly distributed pale gray to white
foci in affected organs characteristic of acute
necrosis
Toxoplasma gondii (protozoal disease)

T.gondii is an important cause of abortion in
ewes. It has a cat-sheep life cycle, with
contamination sheep feed by cat feces
MAMMARY DISEASE OF DOGS
 Neoplasia of the mammary gland is common
in dogs.
ovariohisterectomy after the 2nd estrus
dramatically increases the prevalence of the
disease
 A high protein-diet decreases the
susceptability
 Treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate
and being a purebred increases it
MAMMARY DISEASE OF COWS
 Mastitis in dairy cattle is an extremely
important disease. The majority of cases are
caused by Staphylococcus aureus and are of
subclinical or moderate clinical forms.
 Gram-negative bacteria gain access to the
glands and release endotoxins result in
necrosis and severe vascular leakage.
 The pus-forming bacteria tend not to produce
necrosis but invoke a neutrophillic response
and result in the filling of suppurative exudate

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

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Thomas V Widiyatno

 Ascending infection through cervix

 Descending from ovary via uterine tube

 Transneural recrudescence of Herpesvirus infection

The most common chimera in domestic animals

 Torsion of the uterus

Herpesvirus (viral diseases)

Toxoplasma gondii (protozoal disease)

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