Abhishek Kumar - Conventional & Modern Innovative Approaches For Development of Hybrids and Varieties For Yield of Pearl Millet

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING
TIRHUT COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DHOLI
DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL

UNIVERSITY, PUSA
Course: APG-301[Crop Improvement-1(Kharif Crop)]
Assignment Topic: Conventional & Modern innovative approaches for
development of hybrids and varieties for yield of Pearl millet.
Submitted to: Submitted By: Abhishek Kumar
Dr. S.K. Singh Roll No. 17011044
Batch: 2017-18(5th Semester)
Dr. A.K. Singh
Dr. M.K. Singh
Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
■ Family- Poaceae, Chromosome no. 2n=14, Origin West Africa.
■ Pearl millet is a highly cross-pollinated species. Wind is supposed to be the major cross
pollinating agent.
■ It is a C4 plant having a very high photosynthetic efficiency and dry matter production
capacity.
■ It is also called Ragi.
■ It is usually grown under the most adverse agro-climatic conditions where other crops like
sorghum and maize fail to produce economic yields.
■ It has a remarkable ability to respond to favorable environments because of its short
developmental stages and capacity for high growth rate, thus making it an excellent crop for
short growing seasons under improved crop management.
■ Majority of crop area is in Asia (>10 million ha) and Africa (about 18 million ha).
TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

Pearl Millet for Indian Context
■ In India, pearl millet is the third most widely cultivated food crop after rice and wheat.
■ It is grown on 9 million ha with an average productivity of 1,000 kg ha−1.
■ The major pearl millet growing states are Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar
Pradesh and Haryana which account for more than 90 % of pearl millet acreage in the
country.
■ Grown in three seasons as described below.
a. Kharif season (June–September) is most prevalent.
b. Summer season (February–May) in some parts of Gujrat, Rajasthan & U.P.
c. Rabi) season (November–February) at a small scale in MH &Gujarat.

Pearl Millet importance
■ Pearl millet is primarily grown for food and dry fodder.
■ The grains are highly nutritious with high levels of metabolizable energy and protein,
have high densities of iron and zinc, and more balanced amino acid profile.
■ It is also an excellent forage crop because of its lower hydrocyanic acid content than
sorghum.
■ Its green fodder is rich in protein, calcium, phosphorous and other minerals with oxalic
acid within safe limits.
■ Significant portion of pearl millet grain is also used for non-food purposes such as
poultry feed, cattle feed and alcohol extraction.

Pearl Millet Breeding
 Conventional Breeding Procedures for Pearl Millet
 Plant Introduction
 Mass Selection
 Hybridisation
 Heterosis breeding
 Mutation Breeding
 Modern Breeding Procedures for Pearl Millet
 Biotechnological methods
 Genetic engineering

Plant Introduction
■ Plant introduction is a process of introducing plants(a

genotype or a group of genotypes) from their own
environment to a new environment.
■ Introduction of hybrid bajra from Punjab & Tift 23 A
from USA

Mass Selection
■ It is the oldest methods of crop improvement.
■ In it large number of plants of similar phenotype are selected and
their seeds are mixed together to constitute a new variety is called
mass selection.
■ For Pearl Millet Mass selection the earlier released variety Co5 is
result of mass selection. The variety Co6 is selection from Nigerian
accession MS 7625 selected for high tillering, long panicle, dense
seed setting and bold seeds along with downy mildew resistance.

Hybridisation
■ Hybridization is the process of interbreeding between
individuals of different species (interspecific hybridization) or
genetically divergent individuals from the same species
(intraspecific hybridization).
■ Interspecific hybridisation in Pearl Millet
Pennisetum glaucum x P.purpureum Cumbu napier hybrids

Heterosis breeding
■ In earlier days before the identification of male sterile lines utilising the protogynous
nature hybrids were released. The hybrids were produced by sowing both parents in the
ratio of 1:1.
■ After the discovery of cytoplasmic genic male sterile line Tift 23A by Burton in Tifton,
Georgia led to development of hybrids. Earlier hybrids of India viz., HB1, HB2 to HB5
were produced utilizing Tift 23 A. But due to susceptibility to downy mildew they went
out of cultivation. Even before the discovery of CGMS lines by Burton it was
discovered by Madhava Menon and his coworkers at Coimbatore. Unfortunately due to
failure of publishing it was not recognized.
■ To over come the problem of downy mildew male sterile lines L 111A and 732 A were
isolated and at present used in breeding programme.
■ There are number of CMS lines developed by private agencies like Nath seeds, Mahyco,
Mahendra.

Mutation Breeding
■ The process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in
order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with
other cultivars.
■ At IARI Tift 23 A was gamma irradiated and 5071 A resistant
to downy mildew was evolved. With this the hybrid NHB 3
was evolved (5071 A x J 104).

Biotechnological methods
&Genetic engineering
■ One of the approaches is the use of ‘Biotechnology’ through different cell
and tissue culture techniques and genetic engineering methods. Somatic
hybrid production by protoplast culture-fusion technique, use of different
molecular biological techniques and alien gene incorporation into the
genetic background of cultivated species thus become obvious.
■ Not much work has been done on transgenesis in other millets. This is
primarily because they have less economic value and are cultivated in
poor countries, where research and development are also poor. In the
present review we have attempted to provide available information on
millet tissue culture and genetic transformation.

Need of Modern innovative approaches
for development of hybrids and varieties
■ In the conventional plant breeding programme, the
development of a new variety or hybrid takes about five to
twelve years, starting from inbred production and then
hybridization and selection of F1 hybrids. To overcome the
sexual barrier (pre-fertilisation and post-fertilisation), there is
the need of modern non-conventional breeding methods.

References
■ Agrimoon.com
■ Reserchgate.net
■ Wikipedia.org
■ BAU Sabour notes

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DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING

TIRHUT COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DHOLI

DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

■ Plant introduction is a process of introducing plants(a

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

TCA/2017-18/Abhishek Kumar 17011044

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