Dna

ACKNOWLEDMENT
I would like to thanks my biology teacher Mr. Manish sir for

his constant guidance, motivation, moral encouragement
and sympathetic attitude towards the sucess of this project.
I also want to thank the principle and the institution for
providing neccessary materials. I would also like to extend
my gratitude towards lab assistant, my parents and
everyone who helped me in completing the project
successfully.
INDEX
• Certificate
• Acknowledgement
• Introduction
• DNA fingerprinting
• Technology
• Biological method
• Stages
• Method
• Application
• Case study
• Conclusion
• Biblography
Introduction
The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Alec
Jeffreys at the university of leicester in 1994.
DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling, any of several similar
techniques for analysing and comparing DNA from separate
sources, used especially in law enforcement to identify suspects
from hair, blood, semen, or other biological materials found at
the scene of a violent crime. It depends on the fact that no two
people ,save identical twins, have exactly the same dna sequence,
and that although only limited segments of a person's DNA are
scrutinised in the procedure, those sements will be statiscally
unique.
History of DNA fingerprinting
 Up to 1984, the only method of establishing and
authenticating personal identification was by the
fingerprinting process.
 DNA fingerprinting technique was devised in1985 by
Alec Jeffrey at University of leicester in England, while
working on the sequence within myoglobin gene.
What is DNA fingerprinting?
It is a techique by which an individual can be identified at
molecular level. With the advancementof scienceand
technology STR analysis has become very popular in
forensic laborites. Scientists have chosen repeating
sequence in the DNA, which are present in all individuals
on different chromosomes, and are known to vary from
individual to individual except in identicals twins. These
are used as genetic markers to identifythe individual.
DNA fingerprinting technology
DNA fingerprinting technology has made it possible to
identify the source of biological samples found at
scences of crime.This will resolve disputes of
maternity/paternity ,identification of mutilated
remains, identification of rape /murder, identification
of missing child, exchange of babies in hospital wards,
forensic wildlife, protection of farmers rights and
biodiversity.This remarkable technology provides
exclusive as well as positive identification with virtually
100% precision.
Biological material used for DNA
fingerprinting
• Blood
• Hair
• Saliva
• Semen
• Body tissue cell
DNA samples have been obtained from vaginal cell
transferred to the outside of a condom during
sexual intercourse
Stages of DNA fingerprinting
• Cells broken down to release DNA
• DNA strands cut into fragments

• Fragments separated
• Pattern of fragments analysed
DNA fingerprinting: Methods
A common procedure for DNA fingerprinting is restricted
fragments length polymorphism (RFLP). In this method,
DNA is extracted from a sample and cut into segments
using special restriction enzyme. RFLP focuses on contain
Sequence of repeated DNA bases, which vary widely from
person to person.The segment are separated using a
laboratory technique called electrophoresis,which sorts
the fragments by length. The segments are radioactively
tagged to produce a visual pattern Know as
autoradiography or DNA fingerprint ,on x -ray film.
A newer method known as short tandem repeats(STR) analysis DNA
segments for the number of repeats at 13 specific DNA sites.The chance
of misidentification in this procedure is one in several billons. Yet
another process, polymerase chain reaction, is used to produce multiple
copies of segments from a very limited amount of DNA (as little as 50
molecules) ,enabling a DNA fingerprinting to be made from a single hair.
Once a sufficient sample has been produced , the pattern of the alleles
from a limited number of gene is compared with the pattern from the
reference sample . A non-match is conclusive, but the technique provid
less certainty when a match occures.
DNA fingerprinting:Applications
DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following scenarios:
 Establishment of paternity and maternity.
 Establishment of the parentage for child swapping cases.
 Establishment the identity of the rapist in rape cases.
 Identification of mutilated remains .In murder, bomb blast, air
crashes etc.
 Wild life identification, and
 Seed authentication.
Case Study
The first us evidentiary hearings.
In 1987, Florida's Assistant state 's Attorney, Tim
Berry began collaborating with forensic director
Michael Baird to determine how dna could be used
in identification. After a serial rapist terrorized 23
women in Orlando, Tommie Lee Andrews was
caught by two fingerprints left on victim's window,
identification by a victim in a lineup, and with the
same blood type left at each scene.
After two retrails, during which time Baird had been
both meticulously processing the DNA evidence and
Barry prepared compelling legal briefs, in the final
trail Andrew complicity was proven by his DNA ,
genetic profiling was admitted for the first time, and
DNA gained legal precedence.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while evidence can be
tampered with and witness can turn
hostile, DNA will never lie. It will be
indeed, unravel the truth even several
decades after a crime has been
committed.
Such are the power of DNA
Fingerprinting
Bibliography
• Biology NCERT Class XII
• www.google.co.in
• Wikipedia.org.in
• www.icbse.com

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ACKNOWLEDMENT

I would like to thanks my biology teacher Mr. Manish sir for

• DNA strands cut into fragments

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