The document discusses topics related to computer-aided design (CAD) and computer graphics, including:
1. It describes CAD systems and their architecture, as well as computer graphics concepts like coordinate systems, 2D and 3D transformations, and line drawing.
2. It explains fundamental graphics concepts such as pixels, raster scan displays, and the digital differential analyzer (DDA) algorithm for drawing lines.
3. Key differences between sequential and concurrent engineering approaches are outlined, with concurrent being more collaborative and allowing simultaneous work by cross-functional teams.
The document discusses topics related to computer-aided design (CAD) and computer graphics, including:
1. It describes CAD systems and their architecture, as well as computer graphics concepts like coordinate systems, 2D and 3D transformations, and line drawing.
2. It explains fundamental graphics concepts such as pixels, raster scan displays, and the digital differential analyzer (DDA) algorithm for drawing lines.
3. Key differences between sequential and concurrent engineering approaches are outlined, with concurrent being more collaborative and allowing simultaneous work by cross-functional teams.
The document discusses topics related to computer-aided design (CAD) and computer graphics, including:
1. It describes CAD systems and their architecture, as well as computer graphics concepts like coordinate systems, 2D and 3D transformations, and line drawing.
2. It explains fundamental graphics concepts such as pixels, raster scan displays, and the digital differential analyzer (DDA) algorithm for drawing lines.
3. Key differences between sequential and concurrent engineering approaches are outlined, with concurrent being more collaborative and allowing simultaneous work by cross-functional teams.
The document discusses topics related to computer-aided design (CAD) and computer graphics, including:
1. It describes CAD systems and their architecture, as well as computer graphics concepts like coordinate systems, 2D and 3D transformations, and line drawing.
2. It explains fundamental graphics concepts such as pixels, raster scan displays, and the digital differential analyzer (DDA) algorithm for drawing lines.
3. Key differences between sequential and concurrent engineering approaches are outlined, with concurrent being more collaborative and allowing simultaneous work by cross-functional teams.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
ME 6501 Computer Aided Design
Unit-1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Product cycle- Design process- sequential and
concurrent engineering- Computer aided design – CAD system architecture- Computer graphics – co-ordinate systems- 2D and 3D transformations- homogeneous coordinates - Line drawing - Clipping- viewing transformation Product Cycle Design Process Sequential Engineering • The process of marketing, engineering design, manufacturing, testing and production where each stage of the development process is carried out separately, and the next stage cannot start until the previous stage is finished. • The information flow is only in one direction. Concurrent Engineering • concurrent engineering involves the formation of cross- functional teams, which allows engineers and managers of different disciplines to work together simultaneously in developing product and process design. Difference between Sequential engineering and Concurrent engineering
Sequential Concurrent 1. Sequential engineering is the 1. The concurrent engineering is term used to describe the a non-linear product or project design. method of production in a linear format. 2. several teams within an organization work 2. The different steps are done simultaneously to develop new products and services. one after another. 3. different tasks are tackled at 3. After it is completed it is left the same time, and not alone and everything is necessarily in the usual order. concentrated on the next task. 4. Time Consumption for 4. Time consumption for marketing is more marketing is less Computer Aided Design • computer systems to assist in the creation, modifications, analysis and optimization of a design. • Activities of the CAD process are mass properties, finite element analysis, dimensioning, tolerancing, assembly modeling, generating shaded images, and documentation and drafting. • The CAD process and its tools utilize three disciplines: Geometric Modeling, Computer Graphics, and Design CAD system architecture Basic Structure of a CAD system I/O devises of CAD system Graphics Display CRT Types of Graphic Display based on Scan technology Random Scan
The screen is not scanned in a
particular order.
Raster Scan The screen is scanned from left to right, top to bottom all the time to display graphics. Schematic diagram of a flat panel display Digital flat panel display • A backlight panel is used to generate light. The display uses two grooved glass panels and two polarizing filters, forming two compatible pairs. • The vertical pair has a vertical polarizing filter and a vertically grooved glass panel next to it. Similarly, the horizontal pair has a horizontally grooved glass panel and a horizontal polarizing filter next to it. • Voltage is applied between the two glass panels to charge the molecules between the glass panels to change their alignment from vertical to horizontal. • light is polarized vertically via the vertical filter, therefore passing through the glass panel with vertical grooves and the molecules next to it. • As the light passes through the molecules, it gets twisted. • When the light reaches the second glass panel, it would have been oriented perfectly horizontal. It thus passes through the horizontal polarizing filter and causes the display to show the image. • The color filter is used to generate colors. • Three cells are used in the filter, one for each of the red, green, and blue signals. • The color effect is created by controlling the level of brightness between all light and no light passing through. • The amount of twisting of LCD molecules controls the display sharpness. • The more the molecules are twisted, the better the display contrast. Twisted Nematic (TN) twists the molecules 90 percent to improve contrast. STN (super TN) twists the molecules by 140 percent to make the contrast even better. Pixel Term that comes from the words Picture Element (PEL). A pixel (px) is the smallest portion of an image or display that a computer is capable of printing or displaying. You can get a better understanding of what a pixel is when zooming into an image as seen in the example to the right. Pixels in Mobile Camera • Homogeneous coordinate system
• Three dimensional representation of a two
dimensional plane is called Homogeneous Co- ordinates. The respective system is called Homogeneous coordinate system. 2D Translation A Point (x,y) Is translated to (x’, y’) by a distance (dx, dy) x’=x + dx y’=y + dy In a homogeneous coordinates, we represent a point (x,y) by a column vector 𝑥 𝑥′ P= 𝑦 similarly P’= 𝑦 ′ 1 1 then the translation matrix can be achieved by matrix multiplication,
𝑥′ 1 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦′ = 0 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 𝑑𝑥 T(dx,dy) = 0 1 𝑑𝑦 , the translation matrix 0 0 0 Rotation in Two-Dimensions 2D Scaling A Point P(x,y) is scaled to P(x’, y’) by a scaling Vector (sx,sy) x’=sxx y’=syy In a homogeneous coordinates, Scaling can be achieved by 𝑥′ 𝑠𝑥 0 0 𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 0 𝑠𝑦 0 𝑦 1 0 0 1 1
𝑠𝑥 0 0 0 0 𝑠𝑦 0 0 S(sx,sy,sz) = 0 0 𝑆𝑧 0 0 0 0 1 3D Rotation CLIPPING • Clipping is the process of determining the visible portions of a drawing lying within a window. • In clipping each graphic element of the display is examined to determine whether or not it is completely inside the window, completely outside the window or crosses a window boundary. • Portions outside the boundary are not drawn. If the element of a drawing crosses the boundary the point of inter-section is determined and only portions which lie inside are drawn. Line Drawing Straight line segments are used a great deal in computer generated pictures. The following criteria have been stipulated for line drawing displays : i. Lines should appear straight ii. Lines should terminate accurately iii. Lines should have constant density iv. Line density should be independent of length and angle v. Line should be drawn rapidly The process of turning on the pixels for a line segment is called vector generation. If the end points of the line segment are known, there are several schemes for selecting the pixels between the end pixels. One method of generating a line segment is a symmetrical digital differential analyzer (DDA). DDA ALGORITHM The digital differential analyzer generates lines from their differential equations. The DDA works on the principle that X and Y are simultaneously incremented by small steps proportional to the first derivatives of X and Y. In the case of a straight line the first derivatives are constant and are proportional to DX and DY, where D is a small quantity. To draw a straight line from connecting two points (2, 7) and (15, 10) X1 = 2, X2 = 15 abs(X2 – X1) = 13 Y1 = 7, Y2 = 10 abs(Y2 – Y1) = 3 Length = 13 X incr = X2-X1/Length = 13/13 = 1 Y incr = y2-y1/length = 3/13 = 0.23 Initial values of X and Y are X = 2.5 Y = 7.5
Plotting a Line
Pixel Values Simple DDA Line Algorithm {Based on the parametric equation of a line}
Procedure DDA(X1,Y1,X2,Y2 :Integer); For I := 0 To Length Do
Var Length, I :Integer; Begin X,Y,Xinc,Yinc :Real; Plot(Round(X), Round(Y)); X := X + Xinc; Begin Y := Y + Yinc Length := ABS(X2 - X1); End {For} If ABS(Y2 - Y1) > Length Then End; {DDA} Length := ABS(Y2-Y1); Xinc := (X2 - X1)/Length; Yinc := (Y2 - Y1)/Length; X := X1; Y := Y1;
DDA (digital differential analyzer) creates good lines but it is too time consuming due to the round function and long operations on real values. DDA Example Compute which pixels should be turned on to represent the line from (6,9) to (11,12).
