Paints, Varnishes and Distempers

PAINTS, VARNISHES
AND DISTEMPER
-GROUP 1
ABHISHEK
PAVAN
KIRAN
NATASHA
JULIA
VAMSHI
Paints
The paints are coatings of fluid materials and they
are applied over the surfaces of timber and metals.
Objects of painting a surface:
 It protects the surface from weathering effects of
the atmosphere and actions by other liquids,
fumes and gases.
 It prevents decay of wood and corrosion in
metals.
 It is used to give good appearance to the surface.
The decorative effects may be created by
painting and the surface becomes hygienically
good, clean, colourful and attractive.
 It provides a smooth surface for easy cleaning.
TYPES OF PAINTS
DEFECTS IN PAINTS
 Blistering
 Bloom
 Fading
 Flaking
 Flashing
 Grinning
 Running
 Sagging
 Saponification
 Wrinkling
Constituents of paint
 Binder: The binder exists to hold the pigment to the surface. The binder is a
polymeric substance, and is either dissolved in the paint or suspended in it
by emulsifiers.
 Pigment: Pigments These not only give the paint its colour and finish, but
also serve to protect the surface underneath from corrosion and weathering
as well as helping to hold the paint together. Both inorganic and organic
substances are used, with the inorganic ones being in general cheaper but
with less clear colours.
 Solvent: It is the oil that can make the paint thin and increase the spread
and are also known as thinner. Solvent make the paint workable and gets
evaporate during drying of the paint film. Solvents are a usually volatile
substance which provides properties such as smoothness, and easy flow.
 Additives: Additives are any substances that are added in small quantities
to a paint to improve or to modify certain properties of the finished paint
coatings or of the paint during its manufacture, storage, transport, or
application.
VARNISHING
The term VARNISH is used to indicate the
solution of resins or resinous substances
prepared either in alcohol, oil or turpentine.
The main objects of applying varnish on a
wooden surface are:
 It brightens the appearance of the grain in
wood.
 It renders brilliancy to the painted surface.
 It protects the painted surface from
atmospheric actions.
 It protects the unpainted wooden surfaces of
doors, windows, roof trusses, floor, etc., from
the actions of atmospheric agencies.
IDEAL VARNISH
 It should render the surface glossy.

 It should dry rapidly and present a finished surface which is
uniform in nature and pleasing in appearance.
 The colour of varnish should not fade away when the surface is
exposed to atmospheric actions.
 The protecting film developed by varnish should be tough, hard
and durable.
 It should not shrink or show cracks after drying.
INGREDIENTS IN VARNISH
 RESINS OR RESINOUS SUBSTANCES: Commonly used resins
are copal, lac or shellac and rosin. Other resins are amber,
mastic, gum dammar, etc.
 DRIERS: The function of drier in varnish is to accelerate the
process of drying. The common driers used in varnishes are
litharge, white copper and lead acetate.
 SOLVENTS: Depending on the nature of the resin the solvent id
decided.
SOLVENTS RESINS
Boiled linseed oil Amber, copal
Methylated spirits of wine Lac or shellac
Turpentine Mastic, gum dammar, rosin
Wood naphtha Cheap varieties of resin
TYPES OF VARNISHES
 OIL VARNISHES(linseed oil): The hard resins are added in
linseed oil and if the varnish is not workable, a little turpentine is
added. The oil varnishes dry slowly, but they form hard and
durable surface. They are used on coaches and fittings in houses.
 SPIRIT VARNISHES(methylated spirit of wines):The spirit
varnish dries quickly, but are not durable and are easily affected
by weathering actions. They are generally used for furniture.
 TURPENTINE VARNISHES(turpentine): The resins that are
adopted are of the soft type. These varnishes dry quickly and
possess light colours.
 WATER VARNISHES: Shellac is dissolved in water and enough
quantity of either ammonia or borax or potash or soda is added
to shellac is dissolved. Used for varnishing maps, pictures,
delicate internal work and as a covering for wallpaper.
PROCESS OF VARNISHING
 Preparation of surface
 Knotting
 Stopping
 Coats of varnish
DISTEMPERING
The main object of
applying distemper to the
plastered surface is to
create a smooth surface.
The distempers are
available in the market
under different trade
names. They are cheaper
than paints and varnishes
and they present a neat
appearance. They are
available in variety of
colours.
PROPERTIES OF DISTEMPER
 On drying, the film of distemper shrinks. Hence it leads to cracking and flaking, if the
surface to receive distemper is weak.
 The coatings of distemper are usually thick and they are more brittle than other types
of water paints.
 The film developed by distemper is porous in character and it allows water vapour to
pass through it. Hence it permits new walls to dry out without damaging the distemper
film.
 They are generally light in colour and they provide a good reflective coating.
 They are less durable than oil paints.
 They are treated as water paints and they are easy to apply.
 They can applied on brickwork, cement plastered surface, lime plastered surface,
insulating boards, etc.
 They exhibit poor workability.
 They prove to be unsatisfactory in damp locations such as kitchen, bathroom, etc.
INGREDIENTS OF DISTEMPER
 A distemper is composed of base( whiting or chalk),
carrier (water), colouring pigments and size.
 They are available in powder or paste form. They are
to be mixed with water before use.
 The oil-bound distempers are a variety of an oil paint
in which the drying oil is so treated that it mixes with
water. The emulsifying agent which is commonly used
is glue or casein. As the water dries, the oil makes a
hard surface which is washable.
PROCESS OF DISTEMPERING
 PREPARATION OF SURFACE: The surface to receive the
distemper is to be completely cleaned.
 PRIMING COAT: After preparing the surface to receive the
coats of distemper, a priming coat is applied and is allowed
to become dry For ready made distempers, the priming
should composed of materials recommended by the makers
of distempers. For local made distempers, milk is used for
priming coat.
 COATS OF DISTEMPER: The first coat of distemper is then
applied on the surface. It should be of a light tint and
applied with great care. The second coat of distemper is
applied after the first coat has dried and become hard.

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PAINTS, VARNISHES

 It should render the surface glossy.

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