 Linear programming is planning by the use of linear

relationship of variables involved

linear- direct proportionality of relationship of variables

programming- making plans of activities
1. 1.The objective must be either to maximize or minimize
2. 2. All variables have a value greater than or equal to 1.
3. 3. the relationship of variables could be expressd in terms of
equations or inequalities.
4. 4. The action of the decision-maker must be the constrained
and the decision variables must not violate the limitations or
constraints.
Make use of graph to arrive optimum solution

Optimum solution- is a solution that makes the objective

function as large as possible (maximization) or as small as
possible (minimization).
1. Objective function- introduced by the word “maximize or
minimize”.

2. 2. Constraints or limitations- introduced by the word

“subject to”.
1. a. Explicit- can be expressed in mathematical sentences.
2. b. Implicit- Those that are implied (time, distance and raw materials).
Needless to say that quantity is positive.
1. 1. Represents the unknown in the problem
2. 2. Tabulate the data if necessary
3. 3. Formulate the objective function and constraints
4. 4. Graph the constraints and determine the coordinates at
the point of intersection and vertices.
5. 5. Substitute the coordinates at the vertices of feasible region
in the objective function.
6. 6. Formulate your decision by selecting the highest value
(maximization) or lowest value (minimization)
1. The Cruz furniture makes two products: tables and chairs,
which must be processed through assembly and finishing
departments. Assembly department is available for 60 hours in
every production period, while the finishing department is
available for 48 hours of work. Manufacturing one table requires
4 hours in the assembly and 2 hours in the finishing. Each chair
requires 2 hours in the assembly and 4 hours in the finishing.
One table contributes Php 180 to profit, while a chair
contributes Php 100. the problem is to determine the number of
tables and chairs to make per production period in order to
maximize the profit.
 A small generator burns two types of fuel: low sulfur and high
sulfur to produce electricity. For one hour each, gallon of low
sulfur emits 3 units of sulfur dioxide, generates 4 kilowatts
electricity and costs Php 160. Each gallon of high sulfur emits
5 units of sulfur dioxide, generates 4 kilowatts and costs Php
150. The environmental protection agency insists that the
maximum amount of sulfur dioxide that can be emitted per
hour is 15 units. Suppose that at least 16 kilowatts must be
generated per hour, how many gallons of high sulfur and low
sulfur must be utilized per hour in order to minimize the cost
of fuel?
 TULDOK
 Ang tuldok ay may salaysay at may kahulugan
Na dapat mapansin at maintindihan
Kahit sino ka man ay dapat malaman
Na dito sa mundo ikaw ay tuldok lang
Kahit na ang araw sa kalangitan
Siya ay tuldok lamang sa kalawakan
Lahat ng bagay ay tuldok ang pinanggalingan
At kung masdang mabuti, tuldok ang uuwian
 Tingnan mong mabuti ang sangkatauhan
Maraming nag-aaway, tuldok lang ang dahilan
Sa aking nakita, ako'y natawa lang
'Pagkat ang nangyayari'y malaking kahibangan
 Kaya wala kang dapat na ipagmayabang
Na ikaw ay mautak at maraming alam
Dahil kung susuriin at ating iisipin
Katulad ng lahat, ikaw ay tuldok rin
 Q. Do inanimate beings like stones, woods; plants, and
animals have selves?
 Self could either be:
- non-living being (inanimate beings like stones, woods,
etc.)
- non-conscious living irrational beings (like plants)
- conscious living irrational being (brutes/lower animals)
- conscious living rational being (human)
 Who or What Are We?
 To aid in our inquiry, we can use the structures of the
Avocado and the Artichoke as metaphors for human nature.
 A pear-shaped tropical fruit
with yellowish flesh and a
single seed at the center. If
the avocado seed is planted,
an entire new avocado plant
may grow, when, if it reaches
full maturity, is capable of
producing another generation
of avocado fruit. The seed at
the center contains all the
essential information about
what makes an avocado an
avocado.
 Sometimes cooked as a vegetable.
The flower head of a thistle plant.
It consists of spiny layers that can
be peeled off one after the other.
When the last layer has been
removed, there is nothing left. The
“heart” of the artichoke is actually
the base of the flower. Although it
is tasty to eat, the heart does not
contain the essence of the
artichoke. The artichoke is nothing
but its layers. Because it is a
flower, no part of the artichoke –
not even the heart- can be induced
to produce another generation.
 So, we might want to ask, Are we more like avocados or like
artichokes? If we could peel away our layers, would we find a
central core or merely emptiness as the last layer is removed?
Do we consist entirely of our layers – genetic instructions and
environmental effects – or is there something central that
contains and represents the essence of who and what we are.
1. The Judaic and Christian Traditions
◦ Humans are made in the image and likeness of God
◦ Animals may have instincts and intelligence but they are not made in God’s
likeness
◦ We are self-conscious
◦ We have the capacity to love
◦ We have fleshy outward appearance but inside we share the divine nature
◦ The essence of the avocado is not in the flesh but in its seed. The proof of
this can be found by planting the seed, which so contains the essence of
“avocadoness” that it can produce another whole avocado plant. Whatever it
is that makes an avocado an avocado, is condensed into that seed. In a
similar way, the Judaic and Christian traditions affirm that what makes you a
person, rather than a chimp or a computer, is your special creation in the
image of God.
2. The Greek Rationalist Tradition
◦ Reason is at the core of our being
◦ Our reasoning ability sets us apart from other terrestrial beings
◦ Reason controls emotions & appetites
◦ We may act like animals at times, but only because we are not using
reason to control the other parts of our being
◦ Humans alone are capable of living according to reason
 The history of philosophy is replete with men and women who
inquired into fundamental nature of the self. Along with the
question of the primary substratum that defines the multiplicity of
things in the world, the inquiry on the self has preoccupied the
earliest thinkers in the history of philosophy: the Greeks.
 The Greeks were the ones who seriously questioned myths and
moved away from them in attempting to understand reality and
respond to perennial questions of curiosity, including the question
of the self. The different perspectives and views on the self can be
best seen and understood by revisiting its prime movers and
identify the most important conjectures made by philosophers
from the ancient times to the contemporary period.
 He was more concerned with
another subject, the problem
of the self.
 He was the first philosopher
who engaged in systematic
questioning about the self.
 For him, the true task of the
philosopher is to know
oneself.
 For him, every man is
composed of body and soul.
 During his trial for allegedly corrupting the minds of the young and
impiety, Socrates declared without regret that his being indicted
was brought about by his going around Athens engaging men,
young and old, to question their presuppositions about themselves
and about the world, particularly about who they are (Plato).
 Socrates took it upon himself to serve as a “gadfly” that disturbed
men from their slumber and shook them off in order to reach the
truth and wisdom.
 Most men, in his reckoning, were really not fully aware of who they
were and the virtues that they were supposed to attain in order to
preserve their souls for the afterlife. Socrates thought that this is
the worst that can happen to anyone: to live but die inside.
 For Socrates, every man is composed of body and soul. This
means that every human person is dualistic, that is, he is
composed of two important aspects of his personhood.
 For Socrates, this means all individuals have an imperfect,
impermanent aspect to him, and the body, while maintaining
that there is also a soul that is perfect and permanent.
 Plato claimed in his
dialogue that Socrates
affirmed that the
unexamined life is not
worth living.
 Plato, Socrates’s student,
basically took off from his
master and supported the
idea that man is a dual
nature of body and soul.
 In addition to what Socrates earlier espoused, Plato added that
the three parts of the soul are working harmoniously with one
another.
 The rational soul forged by reason and intellect has to govern
the affairs of the human person, the spirited part which is in
charge of emotions should be kept at bay, and the appetitive
soul in charge of base desires like eating, drinking, sleeping,
and having sex are controlled as well.
 When this ideal state is attained, then the human person’s
soul becomes just and virtuous.
 The soul is drawn to the good, the ideal, and so is drawn to
God. We gradually move closer and closer to God through
reincarnation as well as in our individual lives. Our ethical
goal in life is resemblance to God, to come closer to the
pure world of ideas and ideal, to liberate ourselves from
matter, time, and space, and to become more real in this
deeper sense. Our goal is, in other words, self-realization.
1. Rational – forged by reason and intellect, govern the
affairs of the human person.
2. Spirited – in charge of emotions, should be kept at
bay
3. Appetitive soul – in-charge of base desires, like
eating, drinking, sleeping, and having sexual
intercourse (is controlled as well)

When this ideal state is attained, the human

person’s soul becomes just and virtuous.
 The measure of a man is what he does with power.
 Plato includes women as men’s equals in this system.
◦ "Wonder is the feeling of a philosopher, and philosophy begins in
wonder."
 "...(I)f you ask what is the good of education in general, the answer
is
easy; that education makes good men, and that good men act
nobly.“

 "Our object in the construction of the State is the greatest

happiness of
the whole, and not that of any one class."
 Denied the world of Forms
 Said the form exists within
the object
 The soul exists only in the
body
 When the body dies, the
soul dies with it
 A life dominated by reason is the ideal
 Reason is like a charioteer (Plato)
 It’s been this way since Plato in the Western
world
 It may seem like a good idea, but when culture
identifies rationality with men and emotionality
with women problems arise
 Augustine’s view of human
person reflects the entire spirit
of the medieval world when it
comes to man.
 Following the ancient view of
Plato and infusing it with the
newfound doctrine of
Christianity, Augustine agreed
to be bifurcated nature.
 An aspect of man dwells in the
world and is imperfect and
continuously yearns to be with
the Divine and the other is
capable of reaching immortality.
 There is an aspect of man, which dwells in the world, that
is imperfect and continuously yearns to be with the divine
while the other is capable of reaching immortality.
 The body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to
anticipate living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in
communion with God.
 This is the physical reality that is the world, whereas the
soul can also stay after death in an eternal realm with the
all transcendent God.
 The goal of every human person is to attain this
 The most eminent
thirteenth century scholar
and stalwart of the
medieval philosophy,
appended something to
this Christian view.
 Adapting some ideas from
Aristotle, Aquinas said that
indeed, man is composed
of two parts: matter and
form.
 Our culture is still basically a male dominated society.
 Mitchell indicated that in the 70’s women tried to be
more manlike in business – didn’t work too well (some
still try – because of expectations, . . .)
 Women (or anyone) who accept the value of emotions run
the risk of being viewed as second class citizens
 We are learning, however, that suppressing emotions can
be unhealthy
 Rationalism may be important, but emotions are an
important aspect of life as well
 The father of modern
philosophy.
 He conceived that the human
person as having a body and
a mind. In his famous
treatise, The Meditations of
First Philosophy, he claims
that there is so much that we
should doubt. That much of
what we think and behave,
because they are not
infallible, may turn out to be
false.
 One should only believe that which can pass the test of doubt.
 If something is so clear and lucid as not to be even doubted,
that that is the only time when one should actually buy a
proposition.
 The only thing that one cannot doubt is the existence of the
self. For even if one doubts oneself, that only proves that
there is a doubting self, a thing that thinks and therefore, that
cannot be doubted. Thus, his famous cogito ergo sum or I
think therefore, I am. The fact that one thinks should lead
one to conclude without a trace of doubt that the cogito or
the thing that thinks, which is the mind and the extenza or
extension of the mind, which is the body.
 The body is nothing else but a machine that is attached to the
mind. If at all, that is the mind.

 “But what then, am I? A thinking thing.

 But what is a thinking thing? It is a thing that doubts,

understands (conceives), affirms, denies, wills, refuses; that
imagines also, and perceives.
 The radical separation of mind and body--and of the mental
and the physical in general--is known as "Cartesian Dualism."
And by attributing to the mind something like sovereignty
over the external physical world, it has prepared the way for a
distinctly modern conception and experience of reality, a
conception which replaced older ways of seeing the world in
drastic ways.
 “La Tabularasa”
 Thinking Matter, Immateriality of the
Soul and Immortality
 Locke chooses the word "man" to
refer to that aspect of the human
being that denotes him as a type of
animal. With this definition of man,
Locke is able to claim that the
identity of man, because it is just a
particular instance of animal, is tied
to body and shape. That other aspect
of the human being, the human as a
thinking, rational thing, Locke calls
"person." The identity of person rests
entirely in consciousness. A person is
defined as a thinking thing, and
thought, as we have seen, is
inseparable from consciousness
 Theory of
alienation describes
the estrangement (Ger. Entfre
mdung) of people from
aspects of
their Gattungswesen
("species-essence") as a
consequence of living in a
society of stratified social
classes. The alienation from
the self is a consequence of
being a mechanistic part of a
social class, the condition of
which estranges a person
from their humanity.
 As an empiricist who believes
that one can know only what
comes from the senses and
experiences, Hume argues
that the self is nothing like
what his predecessors though
of it.
 The self is not an entity over
and beyond the physical
body.
 Empiricism is the school of
thought that knowledge can
only be possible if it is
sensed and experienced.
 The philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724–
1804) can be divided into two major
branches. His theoretical philosophy,
which includes metaphysics, is based on
the rational understanding of the concept
of nature. The second, his practical
philosophy, comprising ethics and political
philosophy, is based on the concept of
freedom. Both of these branches have been
enormously influential in the subsequent
history of philosophy.
 Kant’s moral philosophy is also based on
the idea of autonomy. He holds that there
is a single fundamental principle of
morality, on which all specific moral duties
are based. He calls this moral law (as it is
manifested to us) the categorical
imperative (see 5.4). The moral law is a
product of reason, for Kant, while the basic
laws of nature are products of our
understanding.
 The fundamental idea of Kant’s philosophy
is human autonomy. In Kant’s
constructivist view of experience,
according to which our understanding is
the source of the general laws of nature.  Kant’s moral philosophy is also based on the idea
of autonomy. He holds that there is a single
“Autonomy” literally means giving the law fundamental principle of morality, on which all
to oneself, and on Kant’s view our specific moral duties are based. He calls this moral
law (as it is manifested to us) the categorical
understanding provides laws that imperative . The moral law is a product of reason,
constitute the a priori framework of our for Kant, while the basic laws of nature are
experience. Our understanding does not products of our understanding.
provide the matter or content of our
experience, but it does provide the basic
formal structure within which we
experience any matter received through
our senses. Kant’s central argument for
this view is the transcendental deduction,
according to which it is a condition of self-
consciousness that our understanding
constructs experience in this way. So we
may call self-consciousness the highest
principle of Kant’s theoretical philosophy,
since it is (at least) the basis for all of our a
priori knowledge about the structure of
nature.
 philosophical (and sometimes
analytical) behaviourism.
Sometimes known as an
“ordinary language”,
sometimes as an “analytic”
philosopher, Ryle—even when
mentioned in the same breath
as Wittgenstein and his
followers—is considered to
be on a different, somewhat
idiosyncratic (and difficult to
characterise), philosophical
track.
 Philosophical behaviourism has  No more inner selves, immortal
long been rejected; what was souls, states of consciousness,
worth keeping has been or unconscious entities: instead,
appropriated by the the self is defined in terms of
philosophical doctrine of the behavior that is presented
functionalism, which is the most to the world, a view that is
widely accepted view in known in psychology as
philosophy of mind today. It is a behaviorism.
view that is thought to have  He described both body and
saved the “reality” of the mental mind as a "field of causes and
from the “eliminativist” or effects"
“fictionalist” tendencies of
behaviourism while
acknowledging the insight
(often attributed to Ryle) that
the mental is importantly
related to behavioural output or
response (as well as to stimulus
 Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s
work is commonly
associated with the
philosophical movement
called existentialism and its
intention to begin with an
analysis of the concrete
experiences, perceptions,
and difficulties, of human
existence.
 Mind, the symbolic level of  Mind or consciousness
form that Merleau-Ponty cannot be defined formally in
identifies with the human, is terms of self-knowledge or
organized not toward vital representation, then, but is
goals but by the essentially engaged in the
characteristic structures of structures and actions of the
the human world: tools, human world and
language, culture, and so on. encompasses all of the
These are not originally diverse intentional
encountered as things or orientations of human life.
ideas, but rather as
“significative intentions”
embodied within the world.
1. Socrates
2. Plato
3. Augustine
4. Descartes
5. Hume
6. Kant
7. Ryle