COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTALS
AND OPERATIONS
IT 100
Section IT 14
https://www.facebook.com/groups/it10014edzmutz/

Section IT 15
https://www.facebook.com/groups/it10015edzmutz/
• DATA – Any collection of facts. Data may be
numerical or they may be nonnumerica.

• INFORMATION – A result of a processed data.

• DATA PROCESSING – manipulation of data into

a more useful form. It involves the collecting,
processing and distributing of facts and figures to
achieve a desired result.
 2 CATEGORIES OF DATA
PROCESSING

• Mechanical data processing system use a

combination of manual and mechanical
equipment.

• Electronic data processing is the

interconnections of different types of input,
output and storage devices.
 DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
• INPUT – input data, are prepared in some convenient form for processing.

• PROCESSING – combined with other information to produce data in

more useful form.

• OUTPUT – The results of the preceding processing steps are collected.

• ORIGINATION – a step which refers to the process of collecting the

original data.

• DISTRIBUTION – refers to the distribution of the output data.

• STORAGE – data processing results are frequently placed on storage to be

used as input data for further processing at a later date.
AREAS OF DATA PROCESSING

• Business data processing (BDP) – characterized

by the need to establish, retain and process files of
data for producing useful information.

• Scientific data processing (SDP) – it involves a

limited volume of input and many logical or
arithmetic calculations.
 DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS
• Recording – Transfer of data onto some form of document.
• Verifying – Checking of data for any errors.
• Duplicating - Reproducing the data onto many form s or documents.
• Classifying - The separation of data into various categories.
• Sorting – Arranging data into specific orders.
• Calculating – Arithmetic manipulation of the data.
• Summarizing and Reporting – a collection of data is condensed and
certain conclusions from the data are represented in a meaningful format.
• Merging – Two or more sets of data, sorted by the same key and puts them
together to form a single set of data.
• Storing – Placing of data into files for future references.
• Retrieving – Recovering stored data and/or information when needed.
• Feedback – The comparison of the output(s) and goal set in advance; any
discrepancy is analyzed, corrected and fed back to the proper stage is in the
processing operation.
 METHODS OF PROCESSING DATA
• Batch Processing – A technique in which data to be processed
or programs to collected into groups to permit convenient,
efficient, and serial processing.
• On-line Processing – The use of devices directly connected to
the CPU either for data entry or inquiry purposes.
• Real-time Processing – A method of data processing which
has the capability of a fast response to the data from a activity
of a physical process, perform computations and return a
response rapidly enough to affect the out-come of the process.
• Distributed Processing – Using a network of computers to
perform specific tasks with one main computer used for more
complicated tasks
 3 TYPES OF DEVICES
• Manual-Mechanical device – simple mechanism powered by
hand.

• Electromechanical device – usually powered by electric

motor and uses switches and relays.

• Electronic device – such as modern digital camera, has its

principal components circuit boards, transistors or silicon
chips and the like.
ABACUS NAPIER’S BONES

OUGHTRED’S
SLIDE RULE
 COMPUTER GENERATIONS
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS (1951-1959)
 The major innovations then were the use vacuum tubes in place of relays as a
means of storing data in memory and the use of stored-program concept.

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1959-1964)

 Solid-state components (transistors and diodes) and magnetic core storage
formed the basis for the second generation of computers.

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1965-1970)

 Integrated solid-state circuitry improved secondary storage devices, and new
input/output devices were the most important advances in this generation.

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1970 - Present)

 The major innovations were in the development of microelectronics and the
development of different areas in computer technology such as: multiprocessing,
multiprogramming, miniaturization, time-sharing, operating speed and virtual
storage.
ELCTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
 Hardware – The term hardware refers to the physical
equipment or components of an electronic data processing
system.

 Software – Software or program is an operating aid that

extend the capabilities of the computer.

 Peopleware – The term represents the personnel involved in

system analysis, programming, computer operations, system
maintenance and the like.
 ADVANTAGES OF EDP
1. Speed

2. Accuracy

3. Automatic operation

4. Decision making capability

5. Compact storage

6. Discipline it imposses
 Classifications of
Computer by Capacity
Computer – comes from the term to
compute, meaning to calculate.
1. General-Purpose Computers – These machines have the
capability of dealing a variety of different problems and are
able to act in response to programs created to meet different
needs. A general-purpose computer is one that has the ability
to store different programs of instruction and thus to perform
a variety of operations.

2. Special-Purpose Computers – A special-purpose computer

is designed to perform one specific tasks. The program of
instructions is built into, or permanently stored in the
machine. Specialization results in the given task being
performed very quickly and efficiently. Most special-purpose
computers have the capability of performing just one task.
1. Analog Computers – the name analog comes from the word
“analogous” meaning similar. Analog computers are used for
scientific, engineering and process-control purposes.
2. Digital Computers – The digital computer is a machine that
specializes in counting. It operates by counting values that are
discrete, or separate and distinct, unlike the continuous
quantities that can be measured by the analog computer.
Digital computers are used for both business data processing
and accuracy.
3. Hybrid Computers – Although both analog and digital
computers are extensively used and widely accepted in
various industries, manufacturers have attempted to design a
computer that combines the best features of both types. This
special-purpose machine, called a hybrid computer, combines
the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the
logical and control capabilities of the digital computer.
1. Mainframe Computers

• They are big computer systems sensitive to temperature,

humidity, dust etc.
• Qualified & trained operators are required to operate them.
• They have wide range of peripherals attached.
• They have large storage capacity.
• They can use wide variety of softwares.
• They are not user friendly.
• They can be used for more mathematical calculations.
• They are installed in large commercial places or government
organizations.
2. Mini Computers.

• They have less memory & storage capacity than mainframe

computers.
• They offer limited range of peripherals.
• Limited range of software can be used by them.
• The end users can directly operate it.
• They are not very sensitive to the external environment and
hence are more generalized.
• They are used for data processing.
3. Micro Computers.

• They brought revolution in the history of computers.

• They are also known as Personal Computers.
• They are cheap and user friendly.
• The main components are Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse,
Speakers, Modem and Printer.
• They are having limited peripherals attached to them.
• This type of computers can use wide range of softwares.
• They are used as desktops either in offices or even homes.
• Their operation can be easily learnt by anyone having logical
apptitude.
4. Super Computers.

• They are huge computers installed in space centers,

nuclear power stations etc.
• They are used for performing complex mathematical
calculations.
• Only scientists and mathematicians can operate them.
• They are having huge memories & tremendous
processing speed.
• They are used for whether forecasting, animation graphics
etc.
THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT – All operations performed by the

computer system are controlled by the physical device called the
central processing unit. It is the “brains” of the computer system.
Sometimes referred to as the mainframe, it contains the arithmetic
and logic unit, a control unit, and an internal storage unit (also
called memory, primary storage, or main storage).

1. Control Unit. The control unit of the CPU supervises or

monitors the functions performed by the entire computer system
according to conditions set forth by the stored program.
2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit. It performs operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as moving,
shifting, and comparing data.

3. Memory Unit. It is where the computer program and data are

stored during processing. This unit is a random-access storage
device consisting of thousands of storage locations, each of which
can be directly reached by the control unit.
OPERATIONS PERFORMED BY THE CPU

1. Input Operation. An input operation is one that signals an input

device to read data; it then automatically transmits that data to the
central processing unit.

2. Processing Operations. Data transfer, arithmetic, and logic

operations are processing functions that operate on the input data.

3. Output Operation. An output operation causes information to be

transmitted from the output area, provided for by each program, to
an output device where it is then written out or recorded.
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Parts of a computer systems
HARDWARE
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
Sometimes referred to simply as
the central processor, but more
commonly called processor, the CPU
is the brains of the computer where
most calculations take place. In
terms of computing power, the CPU
is the most important element of
a computer system.
On large machines, the CPU
requires one or more printed circuit
boards. On personal computers and
small workstations, the CPU is
housed in a single chip called
a microprocessor. Since the 1970's
the microprocessor class of CPUs
has almost completely overtaken all
other CPU implementations.
HARDWARE
Random-access memory (RAM) Alternatively referred to as main
memory, primary memory,
or system memory,Random
Access Memory (RAM) is a
computer storage location that allows
information to be stored and
accessed quickly from random
locations within DRAM on a memory
module. Because information is
accessed randomly instead of
sequentially like a CD or hard
drive the computer can access the
data much faster than it would if it
was only reading the hard drive.
However, unlike ROM and the hard
drive RAM is a volatile memory and
requires power in order to keep the
data accessible, if power is lost all
data contained in memory lost.
HARDWARE The video card is an expansion card
Video Card that allows the computer to send
graphical information to a video
display device such as a monitor, TV,
or projector.
expansion cards but instead have
GPUs integrated directly onto the
motherboard. This allows for a less
expensive computer but also for a
less powerful graphics system. This
option is wise for the average
business and home user not
interested in advanced graphics
capabilities or the latest games.
HARDWARE
Motherboard

is the main circuit board inside a

computer that connects the different
parts of a computer together. It has
sockets for the CPU, RAM and
expansion cards (e.g. discrete
graphics cards, sound cards,
network cards, storage cards etc)...
and it also hooks up to hard drives,
disc drives and front panel ports with
cables and wires
HARDWARE
Motherboard Panel board

is the main circuit board inside a

computer that connects the different
parts of a computer together. It has
sockets for the CPU, RAM and
expansion cards (e.g. discrete
graphics cards, sound cards,
network cards, storage cards etc)...
and it also hooks up to hard drives,
disc drives and front panel ports with
cables and wires
HARDWARE
INPUT DEVICES
HARDWARE
OUTPUT DEVICES
CATEGORIES SOFTWARE

1. Application Software

2. System Software

3. Computer Programming tools

CATEGORIES of SOFTWARE

1. Application Software - are those softwares which are not

necessary for computer and they only start when a .exe file is
opened by user.For example Games you play.

2. System Software - are those Softwares which are required

by your computer to work properly.They start by themselves
turn on the computer.For example,Your windows os.

3. Computer Programming tools - Software tools or scripts

that are designed to assist a programmer with developing
software. For example, a compiler is an example of
a programming tool
FORMS of SOFTWARE

1.) Freeware - software that is available free of

charge.
2.) Shareware - software that is available free of
charge and often distributed informally for
evaluation, after which a fee may be requested for
continued use
3.) Licensed - this grants the use of one or more
copies of software under the end-user license
agreement (EULA), but ownership of those copies
remains with the software publisher (hence use of
the term "proprietary")
Major categories of Application software
Business Application

1.) Business Application consists of multiple applications

bundled together. They usually have related functions,
features and user interfaces, and may be able to interact with
each other, e.g. open each other's files
Major categories of Application software
Graphics and Multimedia Software
Major categories of Application software
Entertainment Software
System Software
System Software
System Software
System Software (Windows XP)
System Software (Windows Vista)
System Software (Windows 7)
System Software (Windows 8)
System Software (Ubuntu)

More than 100 – 200 active distribution : Mint Linux, Fedora,

Mageia, Debian
System Software (Mac X Lion)
System Software (Mac X Lion)