Planning: By: Aashna Khurana Sumit Rathore Varsha Vijay Vibha Mishra

Planning
By:
Aashna Khurana
Sumit Rathore
Varsha Vijay
Vibha Mishra
Contents:
 Definition of Planning
 Plan and Planning
 Nature of Planning
 Importance of Planning
 Steps to be taken
 Types of Planning
 Barriers to Effective Planning
 Measures for making Planning Effective
 References
What is Planning?
According to Terry:
“Planning is the selection and relating of facts and
making and using of assumptions regarding the future in the
visualization and formalization of proposed activities believed
necessary to achieve desired result.”
According to McFarland:
“Planning may be broadly defined as a concept of
executive action that embodies the skills of anticipating,
influencing, and controlling the nature and direction of change.”
So Planning is a process for accomplishing
purposes. It is a blue print of business growth and a road map
of development. It helps in deciding objectives both in
quantitative and qualitative terms. It is setting of goals on the
basis of objectives and keeping in the resources.
Plan and Planning:
The concept of Planning is different from the word

Plan. Although the two words are same but their
meanings are different, there is fundamental
difference between the two. Planning is an activity, it
can be considered as consisting of a process, hence
various sub activities. On the other hand Plan is a
commitment to a particular course of action believed
necessary to achieve specific results.
Nature of Planning:
 Planning is a Rational Approach for defining where one
stands, where one wants to go in future and how to reach there.
In organisational context, Planning as a rational approach tries
to fill the gap between actual status and desired status.
 Planning adopts an Open System Approach. The open system
approach indicates that the identification of gap between current
status and desired status and the action to bridge the gap is
influenced by a variety of environmental factors-economic,
political,legal,technological,socio-cultural,and competitive.
These factors are dynamic and managers have to take into
account the dynamic features of the environment.
 Planning is pervasive and extends throughout the organization.
Planning is considered as being the function of top level
managers but there is contribution of each level.
Importance of Planning:
 A plan can play a vital role in helping to avoid
mistakes or recognize hidden opportunities.
Preparing a satisfactory plan of the organization is
essential. The planning know the business and that
they have thought through its development in terms
of products, management, finances, and most
importantly, markets and competition.
 Planning helps in forecasting the future, makes the
future visible to some extent. It bridges gap between
where we are and where we want to go. Planning is
looking ahead.
Steps in Planning:
Perception of opportunities Establishing objectives Planning Premises
Identification of alternatives
Evaluation of alternatives
Choice of alternative plans
Establishing sequence of activities Formulation of supporting plans

Types of Planning:
Dimensions Types of Planning
1.Coverage of activities Corporate Planning and

Functional Planning
2.Importance of Contents Strategic Planning and Tactical
Planning
3.Time period involved Long-term planning and Short-
term Planning
4.Approach adopted Proactive Planning and Reactive
planning
5.Degree of formalization Formal planning and informal
planning
Barriers to Effective Planning:
 Difficulty of Accurate Premising

 Problem of Rapid Change
 Internal Inflexibilities
 External Inflexibilities
 Time and Cost factors
 Failure of People in planning
Measures for making Planning
Effective:
 Establishing Climate for Planning

 Initiative at Top Level
 Participation in Planning Process
 Communication of Planning Elements
 Integration of Long-term
and Short-term plans
 An Open System
Approach
References:
 “Principles and Practice of Management” by

Prasad L.M.
 Barron's Management book fourth edition,
by Montana Patrick and Charnov Bruce.
 Wikipedia.com
Thank You

Planning: By: Aashna Khurana Sumit Rathore Varsha Vijay Vibha Mishra

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Planning

The concept of Planning is different from the word

Perception of opportunities Establishing objectives Planning Premises

Choice of alternative plans

Establishing sequence of activities Formulation of supporting plans

Dimensions Types of Planning

1.Coverage of activities Corporate Planning and

 Difficulty of Accurate Premising

 Establishing Climate for Planning

 “Principles and Practice of Management” by

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