SDQSF

CHAPTER 2
DC-DC CONVERTERS
SWITCHED-MODE POWER SUPPLY
BUCK CONVERTER

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BUCK CONVERTER
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BUCK CONVERTER
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BUCK CONVERTER
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BUCK CONVERTER
BUCK CONVERTER
Features of circuit in steady state:

1.iL is periodic with period T
2.VL_AVG = 0
3.IC_AVG= 0
4.Pout = Pin
BUCK CONVERTER

Assume :
1.Steady state operation
2.iL is continuous
3.C is large, V0 is constant
4.Switching period T, Turn-on time : DT, Turn-off time : (1-D)T
BUCK CONVERTER – CONTINUOUS MODE
1. Switch S is ON
diL
vL  Vs  V0  L
dt
diL Vs  V0

dt L
 Vs  V0 
iL (ON )    DT
 L 
Equivalent Schema
Voltage and current equations
2. Switch S is OFF: Diode D is ON
diL
vL  V0  L
dt
diL  V0

dt L
 V0
iL ( OFF )   1  D  T
Equivalent Schema L
Voltage and current waveforms

(a)vL
(b) iL
(c)i
The variation of iL in the on-state and off-state is equal

 Relationship between Vout and Vin
iL ( ON )  iL ( OFF )  0

Vs  V0 V0
 DT   1  D T  0
L L
 V0  Vs  D
Calculation of iL : iL V0 1 V0 

I max  IL     1  D  T 
2 R 2L 
 1 1  D  
 V0   
R 2 Lf 
iL V0 1 V0 
I min  I L     1  D  T 
2 R 2L 
 1 1  D  
 V0   
R 2 Lf 
Define the value Lmin to ensure the continuation of iL

iLmin = 0
Lmin 
 1  D R
2f
Voltage ripple vC when the capacitance C is limited

iC  iL  iR
Q  CV0
Q  C V0
Q
V0 
C
1  T   iL  T  iL
Q     
2  2  2  8
V0 1 D

V0 8 LC  f 2
Ex. : DC-DC Buck converter has : Vs= 50V; D=0.4; L= 400H;

C=100 F; f=20kHz; R=20. Suppose all devices are ideal.
Define:
1. Output voltage V0 and load power Po
2. Ilmax and ILmin. The condition for value L to ensure the continuous
current through the coil
3. Voltage ripple of capacitor V0/V0
4. Current waveform of L and C
5. Voltage and current waveforms of Mosfet and Diode
Ex. 2:
Design Buck converter with specifications:
Vo = 18V, Load R = 10.
Vi=48V. Voltage ripple  5%. iL : continuous. Determine:
1. Duty cycle D
2. L value, suppose L  1.25 Lmin
3. C value
BOOST CONVERTER
BOOST CONVERTER
BOOST CONVERTER – CONTINUOUS MODE
Applications :
- Hybrid Electric Vehicle– reduction of battery quantity
- LED (3.3V) supplies from 1.5V battery
Assume :
2.iL is continuous
1.Switch S is ON
diL
vL  Vs  L
dt
diL Vs

dt L
Vs DT
iL (ON ) 
L
Equivalent circuit
2. S - OFF
diL
vL  Vs  V0  L
dt
diL Vs  V0

dt L
iL ( OFF ) 
 Vs  V0 1  D T
L
Equivalent circuit

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

iL (ON )  iL (OFF )  0

Vs DT Vs  V  0
  1  D  T  0
L L
Vs
 V0 
1 D
Calculate the average current IL ?

Calculation for IL ?
2
V
Pin  Po ; Po  o
R
Pin  Vs I s  Vs I L
2
 Vs 
2  
Vo  1  D  Vs2
Vs I L   
R R 1  D  R
2
Vs
 IL 
1  D  R
2
Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

 Lmin = ???
Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin = 0


D 1  D  R
2
Lmin 
2f
Calculate the output voltage ripple :

V0/V0 = ??

V0/V0 = ??
Q  C  V0
V0
Q  I 0 DT  DT
R
V0 D

V0 RCf
Ex. 1 :
Design a boost converter
Vout = 30V. Vin= 12V. iL is continuous. Voltage ripple 1%. Load
R = 50.
fsw = 25kHz.
Ex. 1 :
Design a boost converter
Vout = 30V. Vin= 12V. iL is continuous. Voltage ripple 1%. Load
R = 50.
fsw = 25kHz.
Solution :
D = 0.6
Lmin = 96uH => L = 120uH
C > 48uF
Ex. 2: Boost converter

Vin = 50V, Vout = 75V. L= 250H, R=25.
Calculate:
1. fsw, suppose iL is continuous
2. Iin_AVG, Iout_AVG
3. Sketch iL. Determine iLmax, iLmin
4. iC_RMS
Solution:
1. 6.6kHz
2. 45A, 30A
3. Imax=50A, Imin=40A
4. 21.3A
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
Buck- Boost Converter
The output voltage can be controlled higher or lower than the

input voltage
Assume :
2.iL is continuous
5.Ideal power devices
When S is ON state
diL
vL  Vs  L
dt
diL Vs

dt L
Vs DT
iL (ON ) 
L
Circuit State – Equivalent Circuit
When S is OFF state
diL
vL  V0  L
dt
diL V0

dt L
V0 1  D T
iL (OFF ) 
L

iL ( ON )  iL ( OFF )  0

Vs DT V0 1  D T
 0
L L
D
 V0    Vs
1 D



Vo2
Pin  Po ; Po 
R
Pin  Vs I s  Vs I L D
Vo2
Vs I L D 
R
2
Vo Vs D
 IL  
RVs D R1  D  2

 Lmin = ???
 Lmin 
 1  D
2
R
2f
V0/V0 = ??

V0/V0 = ??
Q  C  V0
V0
Q  I 0 DT  DT
R
V0 D

V0 RCf
Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Vi= 24V ; D = 0.4, R = 5 Ohm, L = 100uH, C = 400uF, f = 20kHz
Solution :
1. -16V
2. IL = 5.33 A; ILmax = 7.73A; ILmin = 2.93A
3. 1%
Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Vi= 24V ; D = 0.4, R = 5 Ohm, L = 100uH, C = 400uF, f = 20kHz
Define :
1. Output voltage Vo
2. Sketch iL. Verify the continuity of iL
3. Voltage ripple
4. Sketch voltage and current waveforms of S and D
Ex. 2:
Design a buck-boost converter
Pout = 75W. Vout= 50V, Vin= 40V. iL is continuous. Voltage ripple
1%.
C’UK CONVERTER
Principle Diagram of C’uk converter

C’UK CONVERTER
Characteristics:
-The output voltage can be controlled higher or lower
than the input voltage
-Reverse polarity of the output voltage
C’UK CONVERTER
Assume :
2.iL1&2 is continuous
3.C1&2 is large, VC1&2 is constant
4.Switching period T, Turn-on time : DT, Turn-off time :
(1-D)T
5.Ideal power devices
VC1  Vs  V0
C’UK CONVERTER
When S is in On-state
iC1( ON )   I L 2

C’UK CONVERTER
When S is in Off-state
iC1( OFF )  I L1

C’UK CONVERTER

C’UK CONVERTER
 V0 I L2  Vs I L1
Having IC1 = 0, we deduce:
iC1( ON ) DT  iC1(OFF ) 1  D T  0
  I L2 DT  I L1 1  D T  0
I L1 D
 
I L2 1 D
C’UK CONVERTER
 we deduce :
V0  D 
  
Vs 1 D 
C’UK CONVERTER
Voltage ripple of C2 is similar to Buck converter
V0 1 D

V0 8 L2C2  f 2
C’UK CONVERTER
Voltage ripple of C1 (when S – off)
T
1
VC1 
C1 I
DT
L1 dt
C’UK CONVERTER
Current ripple of L (when S –ON)
diL1
vL1  Vs  L1
dt
 iL1
diL2
vL2  Vs  L2
dt
 iL2
C’UK CONVERTER
Ex.:
Design C’uk converter: Vout = -18V. Vin=12V. IL /IL 10%,
Vout/Vout  1%, VC1 /VC1 5%. PLoad = 40W. Chosen: fsw =50kHz.
C’UK CONVERTER
Solution :
D = 0.6
L2  649uH ; L1  432uH
Co  3.08uF ; C  17.8uF
ISOLATED SMPS
FLYBACK CONVERTER

Principal Diagram of Flyback Converter

FLYBACK CONVERTER

Assume :
- C is large => V0 is constant
- Steady state operation
- Switching period T, Turn-on time : DT, Turn-off time : (1-D)T
- Ideal power devices
FLYBACK CONVERTER

Operation principle :
- S conducts : energy stored in Lm
- S is in the off-state : energy transferred to the load
FLYBACK CONVERTER
When S conducts

diLm
v1  Vs  Lm
dt
diLm iLm iLm Vs
  
dt t DT Lm
Voltage and current equations :
so :  N2   N2 
v2  v1    Vs  
Vs DT  N1   N1 
iLm (ON ) 
Lm  N2 
vD  V0  Vs    0
 N1 
i2  0
i1  0
FLYBACK CONVERTER
when S is OFF => D conducts

v2  V0
N1 N
v1  v2  V0 1
N2 N2
diLm N1
Lm  v1  V0
dt N2
diLm iLm iLm
V0 N1
  
dt t (1  D)T Lm N 2
so :  V0 1  D T N1
iLm (OFF )  
Lm N2
FLYBACK CONVERTER
S is in the off-state

Voltage and current equations:
N  N 
iD  i1  1   iLm  1 
 N2   N2 
 N1 
vSw  Vs  v1  Vs  V0  
 N2 
V0
iR 
R
 N1  V0
iC  iD  iR  iLm   
 N2  R
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Relationship between Vout and Vin

The current ripple throught Lm = 0:
iLm ( ON )  iLm (OFF )  0

D N2
 V0  Vs
1  D N1
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Basic Voltage and current waveforms:

FLYBACK CONVERTER
Analysis of iLm :
Calculate the average current ILm

Ps  Po
V02
Vs I s 
R
I Lm DT
Is   I Lm D
T
V02
 Vs I Lm D 
R
V02
 I Lm 
Vs DR
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Analysis of iLm :

Condition for Lm when iLm is continuous :
 1  D
2
R  N1 
2
Lm min   
2f  N2 
FLYBACK CONVERTER
Ex. : Given a flyback converter Vs = 24,12, 48V

N1/N2 = 3
Lm = 500H
R = 5
C = 200F
f = 40kHz
V0 = 5, 24, 12V
Define :
1. Current values iLm : max, min
2. Sketch iC and analyze the capacitor voltage ripple
3. Sketch voltage and current waveforms of S and D
4. Duty cycle
FORWARD CONVERTER

Principal diagram of Forward converter

FORWARD CONVERTER
Description:

The transformer has 3 windings :
- Winding 1 & 2 transfert energy to
load when S conducts
- Winding 3 creates a loop for
magnetizing current when S is in the
off state and decays this current
before ending of period.
FORWARD CONVERTER

When S conducts:
-Establish equations of v1, v2, v3, vLx, vD3 ?
- Derive iLx ?
- Derive iLm ?
- equation of iSw ?
FORWARD CONVERTER

when S is in the off state:

-Define equations of v3, v1, v2, vLx ?
- Derive iLx ?
- Derive relationship btw Vo and Vs ?
- Derive iLm ?
FORWARD CONVERTER

Voltage and current
waveforms:
FORWARD CONVERTER
Ex. : Given a FORWARD converter

Vs = 48,24V, 12V
N1/N2 = 1.5; N1/N3=1
Lx = 0.4mH; Lm=5mH
R = 10
C = 100F
f = 35kHz
Define : D = 0.4
1. Vout, iLx_max, min
2. Output Voltage ripple
3. Waveforms i1, i2, i3, iLm, iLx, iC
4. Sketch voltage and current waveforms of S and Diodes
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Principal Diagram of Push-pull Converter

PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Control pulse diagram

PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw1 conducts

v p1  Vs
 Ns 
vs1  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vs 2  Vs  
N 
 p
v p 2  Vs
vSw 2  2Vs
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw1 conducts D1 conducts, D2 is OFF

 Ns 
v x  vs 2  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vLx  v x  V0  Vs    V0
N 
 p
 Ns 
Vs    V0
N 
 
 iLx ON   p 
Lx
 DT
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw2 conducts

v p 2  Vs
v p1  Vs
 Ns 
vs1  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vs 2  Vs  
N 
 p
vSw1  2Vs
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw2 conducts D2 conducts, D1 is OFF
 Ns 
v x  vS 2  Vs  
N 
 p
 Ns 
vLx  vx  V0  Vs    V0
N 
 p
 Ns 
Vs    V0
N 

 iLx  ON
  p 
Lx
 DT
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
when Sw1. Sw2 are in the off-state : the primary currents = 0
iLx is continuous => D1, D2 conduct
vx  0
vLx  v x  V0  V0
iLx iLx V0
  
t T Lx
 DT
2
 V0  1 
iLx  OFF      D T
 
 Lx  2 
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Relationship between Vout and Vs
iLx is continuous
iLx  ON   iLx  OFF   0

 N  
 Vs  s   V0 
  N p    V0  1 
  DT  
 
  D T  0
 Lx   Lx  2 
 
 
 Ns 
 V0  2Vs  D
N 
 p
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Voltage ripple
Similar to Buck converter
V0 1  2D

V0 32 Lx Cf 2
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Ex. :
Vs=50V, Define :
48V, 24V; 1.Vout
Np/Ns=2; 2.ILx min, max
Lx=300µH; 3.Voltage ripple of capacitor
C= 200uF; 4.iLx, D1, D2, Sw1, Sw2
R=8Ω;
f = 30kHz;
D=0.35;
0.6, 0.7
FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER
Principal Diagram
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Gating pulses
Relationship btw Vout and Vs?

PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Gating pulses
 Ns 
V0  2Vs  D
N 
 p
HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER
Principal Diagram Gating pulses
Relationship btw Vout and Vs?

HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER
Principal Diagram Gating pulses
 Ns 
V0  Vs  D
N 
 p
MULTI-OUTPUT DC/DC CONVERTER
Flyback converter with 2 ouputs

MULTI-OUTPUT DC/DC CONVERTER
Forward converter with 2 ouputs

DC/DC CONVERTER
Diagram of control system

DC/DC CONVERTER
Diagram of control system

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CHAPTER 2

Features of circuit in steady state:

2. Switch S is OFF: Diode D is ON

Voltage and current waveforms

The variation of iL in the on-state and off-state is equal

iL ( ON )  iL ( OFF )  0

Calculation of iL : iL V0 1 V0 

Define the value Lmin to ensure the continuation of iL

Voltage ripple vC when the capacitance C is limited

Ex. : DC-DC Buck converter has : Vs= 50V; D=0.4; L= 400H;

Voltage and current waveforms

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

iL (ON )  iL (OFF )  0

Calculate the average current IL ?

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin = 0

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Ex. 2: Boost converter

Buck- Boost Converter

The output voltage can be controlled higher or lower than the

When S is OFF state

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

iL ( ON )  iL ( OFF )  0

Voltage and current waveforms

Voltage and current waveforms

Calculate the average current IL ?

Calculate the average current IL ?

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

Condition for L when iL is continuous : ILmin  0

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Calculate the output voltage ripple :

Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Ex. 1 : Buck- Boost converter parameters:

Principle Diagram of C’uk converter

Voltage and current equations

Circuit State – Equivalent Circuit

Voltage and current equations

Circuit State – Equivalent Circuit

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Relationship between Vout and Vin ?

Having IC1 = 0, we deduce:

Voltage ripple of C2 is similar to Buck converter

Voltage ripple of C1 (when S – off)

Current ripple of L (when S –ON)

Principal Diagram of Flyback Converter

when S is OFF => D conducts

Relationship between Vout and Vin

iLm ( ON )  iLm (OFF )  0

Basic Voltage and current waveforms:

Ex. : Given a flyback converter Vs = 24,12, 48V

Principal diagram of Forward converter

when S is in the off state:

Ex. : Given a FORWARD converter

Principal Diagram of Push-pull Converter

Control pulse diagram