BEC 401 THESIS II

TOPIC: Accuracy Comparison

Between Ground Control Survey
and Differential Global Positioning
System
BY:
CHIEW CHUANG SHYANG
(KI050300)
SUPERVISOR :SR. SITI NUR ALIAA ROSLAN
EXAMINER :SR. HJ ABDUL RAZAK
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
• Surveying has been an essential element in the
development of the human enviroment since the
beginning of recorded history ( 5000 years ago)
• it is a requirement in the planning and execution of
nearly every form of construction.
• First, surveys are made to collect data
• Seconds, surveys are made to layout dimensions
(book of Surveying with construction Application 3rd edition, Barry F. Kavanagh)
TYPES OF SURVEYS
Control Surveys
• Define as the establishment of a base for horizontal and vertical
measurements. Control Surveys establish reference points and
reference lines for preliminary and construction surveys.
(Hermandes et. al, 1999)
Differential Global Position System (RTK)
• Differential GPS (DGPS) is a method of eliminating errors in a
GPS receiver to make the output more accurate. This process is
based on the principle that most of the errors seen by GPS
receivers in a local area will be common errors. (R. H. Prothero
1999)
TYPES OF SURVEYS
Real Time Kinematic GPS Methods (RTK)
• Methods similar to DGPS can be also be
employed with carrier phase-shift mesurement
to eliminate errors. It requires the simultaneous
use of tow or more receivers. (Hermandes et. al,
1999)

• The use of an RTK capable GPS system can

compensate for atmospheric delay, orbital
errors and other variables in GPS geometry,
increasing positioning accuracy up to within a
centimeter. (Hermandes et. al, 1999)
EDM TOTAL STATION Hand-Held GPS
Nikon

Magellan PRO-MARK3
Real Time Kinematic GPS
REASEARCH OBJECTIVES
This research carries out two
objectives as follows:
• To compare the accuracy between
ground control survey data and
Differential Global Positioning System
(DGPS).
• To enhance knowledge in using Real
Time Kinematic GPS (RTK)
 Coordinate System
World Geodestic System 1984 (WGS84)
• An earth-centred Cartesian coodinate system (X, Y,
Z).
• is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and
navigation. It comprises a standard coordinate frame
for the earth, a standard spheroidal reference surface
(the datum or reference ellipsoid) for raw altitude
data, and a gravitational equapotential surface (the
geoid) that defines the nominal sea level.
(Marco Ceccarelli,1998)
Malaysian Revised Triangulation (MRT)

• The Malaysian Revised Triangulation (MRT) has been

used for geodetic, mapping, cadastral and several other
activities since 1948 in Peninsular Malaysia. This network
consists of 77 geodetic, 240 primary, 837 secondary and
51 tertiary stations. This network is based on the
conventional observations with many of the triangulation
points are dated as far back as 1885. The MRT has been
adopted as a result of the re-computations of the earlier
network together with the Primary (Repsold)
Triangulation carried out between 1913 and 1916.
Rectified Skew Orthomophic (RSO)
• a Projection (the way items are placed on the
map, like mercator.

• Projection is used throughout the world.

• When Hotline Oblique Mercator (1 point &
Azimuth) is selected in the user defined
coordinate system parameters
(Marco Ceccarelli,1998)
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Differential Global Positioning System
• In construction, the system does have some
limitations. First, there must be a (relatively)
clear "line of sight" between the receiver's
antenna and several orbiting satellites.
Buildings, trees, overpasses, and other
obstructions that block the line of sight
between the satellite and the observer (GPS
antenna) make it impossible to work with GPS.
(Watson, 1994)
REVIEW OF JOURNALS
• GPS has inherited errors that are unique to this
technology. GPS, as a surveying tool, has many standard
(traditional) surveying errors as well. For example, an
instrument setup error applies across the board to all
surveying measurements regardless of the instrument or
technique used. It does not make a difference what
instrument is used, if a GPS receiver, a total station or a
range pole is on the wrong point, or not properly set up
on the proper point, the survey is erroneous. There are
two major categories of error sources in GPS surveys.
The first is System Errors and the other is Operational
Errors. .(Lynn et. al., 1995)
Advantages of GPS
Compare to conventional surveying
technology, GCS.
• It is faster.
• Requires less labor (manpower)
• Requires less training
• It works day and night
 Advantages of Ground Control
Surveys
• There are advantages to placing ground targets in
advance of photography.
• they can be a finite image point, perhaps leading to
better map accuracy.
• There should be less chance of misidentification or
a control point, either by surveyor
• measurements without a reflector
• Simplicity in work
• Graphic support

(book of Surveying with construction Application 3rd edition, Barry F. Kavanagh)

REVIEW OF JOURNALS (cont)
Possible Problems With GPS Units
• Clock errors are not the number one source
of inaccurate information in GPS units. The
number one source of inaccurate information
come from the atmosphere. When the signal
passes through the atmosphere to the
satellites, it can encounter conditions that can
speed it up or slow it down, thus affecting the
time. (Hermandes et. al, 1999)
REVIEW OF JOURNALS (cont)

• As GPS signals propagate through earth’s atmosphere, they are refracted. Major influence
originates from ionosphere and neutral atmosphere layer (mostly due to troposphere).
• The atmosphere consists of charged particles, neutral atom, molecules, gases, water vapour, etc.,
and changes the velocity (speed and direction) of the GPS signals. A change in signal speed
changed the signal transit time consequently, the ‘measured’ range between the satellite and the
receiver is different from its “ line of sight’ geometric range. This effect is often addressed as
atmospheric refraction or atmospheric delay. (Tajul et al. , 2005).
Disadvantages of GPS
Compare to conventional surveying technology, GCS.
System errors:
• Electromagnetic waves can be affected by several
sources of error during their transmission.
• Ionospheric and troposhpheric refraction.
• Bulls-eye Level bubble collimation error
• Tribrach Misalignment
• Multipath
• Obstruction
• Raining day
• Cloudy sky
Disadvantages of GPS
Compare to conventional surveying technology,
GCS.
Operation errors:
• Satellite Geometry
• Instrument Setup
• Antenna Height
• All of these errors contribute to the total error of
GPS derived coordinates in the ground stations.
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
• Introduction
• The objective of methodology is to taking the control point
at male hostel in Ikram Park. Method will be used as following.
• Established by using Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS
• Step 1: Positioning control point at Male Hostel in Ikram Park by
using Magellan Professional-Mark3
• Step 2: obtain baseline for Global Positioning System within 3
hours
• Step 3: Detailing for Global Positioning System within 1 hours.
• Step 4: Download the data from GPS controller into computer
using GNSS Software.
• Step 5: Process the data using the GNSS software.
• Step 6: Analysis and obtain the result
• Step 7: Export result into AutoCAD to generate hostel drawings.
GROUND CONTROL
SURVEYS
• Established by using Total Station
• Step 1: Obtain the benchmark of x and y.
• Step 2: Make the close traverse control around Male hostel
• Step 3: Detailing for total station is the process to get
topographic details to the control net.
• Step 4: Downloading the data from Nikon total station
converts, format and place the measurement data.
• Step 5: Obtaining result
• Step 6: Export result into AutoCAD to generate Hostel
drawings.
• Comparison the drawing coordinates between RTK data and
Total Station data.
– coordinates
– accuracy
– positioning
 LOCATION

The location of survey has been carried out was at

Kuala Lumpur Infrastructure University College of
Male Hostel.
FLOW CHART OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
GROUND CONTROL SURVEY
SET UP THE
INSTRUMENT

OBTAIN BENCHMARK
NEAR THE IKRAM HOSTEL

MAKE A CLOSE TRAVERSE

AROUND THE HOSTEL

ESTABLISH
CONTROL POINT

COLLECTING TOTAL
STATION CONTROL POINT

COORDINATE
CONVERSION DATA
WGS84-MRT-RSO

ANALYSE THE RESULT

OF THE RSO COORDINATE
FLOW CHART OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Real Time Kinematic
Method
SET UP THE
INSTRUMENT

ESTABLISH
CONTROL POINT

COLLETING GPS
CONTROL POINT

DIFFERENTIAL GPS
PROCESS BY USING GNSS
SOLUTION SOFTWARE

COORDINATE CONVERSION
WGS84-MRT-RSO
FLOW CHART OF RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
REAL TIME KINEMATIC
GROUND CONTROL SURVEY
GPS Method

ANALYSE THE RESULT ANALYSE THE RESULT

INTO RSO COORDINATE INTO RSO COORDINATE

EXPORT THE RESULT

INTO
AUTOCAD DRAWING

ACCURACY COMPARISON
BETWEEN DPGS AND GROUND
CONTROL FROM ITS
COORDINATE AND POSITION
 CHAPTER 4
Analysis and Discussion
 LOCATION

BLD1
BLD2

BLD4
BLD3

After carried out the location of close traverse at

Kuala Lumpur Infrastructure University College of
Male Hostel.
Real Time Kinematic Result
The WGS84 coordinate for point 1,2,3,4 and 0
obtained from GNSS software is then converted to
Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO) coordinate
respectively.

Table shown that coordinates of control point by

usinng Real Time Kinematic GPS
Ground Control Survey Result

The WGS84 coordinate for point 1,2,3,4 and 0

obtained from GNSS software is then converted to
RSO coordinate respectively
 LOCATION
STN 4
STN 4

After carried out the location of close traverse at

Kuala Lumpur Infrastructure University College of
Male Hostel.
 LOCATION
BLD 2
BLD 2

After carried out the location of Detailing at Kuala

Lumpur Infrastructure University College of Male
Hostel.
Station 4 Result

BLD2

Accuracy comparison coordinates differences between GCS and GPS in

station 4.
BLD 2 Result

Accuracy comparison coordinates differences between GCS and GPS in

hostel building labeled as BLD 2
The Differences Cassini Coordinates Result

Based from table above, it can

be concluded the accuracy of
the GPS receiver (Magellan
Pro-Mark3) RTK is about +/-
0.200 meters or 20 cm.
Therefore the final coordinates
obtained for BLD1,2,3, and 4
is also about +/- 0.200 meters
accuracy.
 CHAPTER 5
Conclusion &
Recommendation
CONCLUSION
• Expected result of the Ground Control Surveys will be
more accurate than GPS.
• In order to get the accuracy of a coordinate, use Real
Time Kinematic GPS is very time consuming and to
ensure the collected data is accurate. It took nearly 3
hours to obtain the baseline GPS coordinate and the
rest would took 1 hour for a detailing coordinate by
using rover GPS. Total time has been consumed was
about 10 hours within a day, to carried out the RTK
method at male Hotel building.
• The RTK can not be used to building corners or other
obstructions.
• Use Total Station would take 3 hours only to get all
the coordinate around the area of male hostel.
• It can be concluded that the accuracy achieved for
the new control points at Ikram Hostel is about +/-
0.200 meters.
 Recommendation
• In the future, there is a new advance technology to overcome
these accuracy problems which is SmartStation.
• SmartStation combines the best of both to make the points better high
accuracy.
• SmartStation is a new revolution surveying system that combines a high-
performance TPS1200 total station with a powerful GPS RTK receiver.
• SmartStation can save an enormous amount of time, speed up work,
reduce costs and increase the profit for the construction site company.
• Total Stations can mesure and stakeout where RTK can not be used to
building corners, to points under trees and bushes, in city canyons, on
construction sites where there are large obstruction.
• Used high cost GPS to obtained better accuracy may be up to cm accuracy.

Figure shown that the new

SmartStation of
Leica Geosystems
THANK YOU