Civilmili Present

Introduction
 Definition :
 The relationship between the armed forces
of a state as an institution, and it is

embedded to the civil authority.
 Civil-military relations are influences by
history and culture.

 Importance:
 Part of national security policy; enhance the
safety of nation’s economy, social, political

against external threat.
Types of CMR
Communist
Western -
Praetorian
Classical •Authoritaria
Military under
• Military tends to
•Military n civil
control of
intervene and
authority
organizations act potentially could
as governmental dominate the
• But its role political system
tools in achieving
crucial in ruled by civil
national
balancing ruling authority.
objectives
party power over
society and • can be developed
•Objective model when civil
state.
authority lack of
• Examples: legitimacy and
• Subjective
Western Europe, dominate by
model military
Canada, America
• Examples: •Examples: Turkey
Importance of Optimal CMR
 Act as balances between two
necessities.
1. Ensure role of military within political
authority is minimized and the military
leadership subordinated to the civilian
authority.
2. Enable military to emerge as powerful
armed forces of the state and maintain
the military roles in violence
management whenever the force
needed to apply.
Theories of Civil-military
Relations
Classical Contemporary
 Institutional  Agency Theory –
Theory – Peter Feaver
Samuel
Huntington  Concordance
Theory –
 Convergence Rebecca Schiff
Theory –
Morris Janowitz
Institutional Theory
 Control of the military
 Suggested two types of control; subjective and
objective control
 More into objectives control :
 Civil authorities grant military autonomy in

handling military affairs; training, tactics and
operational tactical for their soldier.
 In return, military achieved the civil authorities'
objectives
 Voluntarily to civilian subordinate
 Means and objectives achieve through military
approaches.
Convergence Theory
 Focused on the sociological and cultural
aspects
 Not all national objectives be achieved
through military approaches – the needs
to adjust the means and objectives.
 The military should be exposed to
political and social aspects.
 Subjective Control: Involves placing
legal and institutional restrictions on the
military's autonomy; budget, allocations
for mission.
Agency Theory
 Civilians choose the right management
styles, depending on the situation in
order to control the military.
 The military itself made the choices
either wants to obeyed the civilian
authority or pay for the price for being
neglect (shirk).
 Ensuring civil authority always have
control over those affairs of the state
that affect the military, either direct or
indirectly; such as defense budget.
Concordance Theory
 Believed that healthy CMR could exist without the
separation of civil authority and military.
 CMR able to exist through agreement made by
three social party; military, political parties and
civilian
 Targeted to find consentience in several issues
such as :
- political decision making
- military system
 Able to reduce military interventions by civil
authority.
Military Compliance
- Civ i lia n i ntrusiv ely m onito r m il ita ry
work
- Believ ed coul d reduce the shi rking o f
mil ita ry
- Reduce po ssi bi li ty o f emphasizing
mil itary ca pa bil iti es will dra i ns sta te
reso urces a nd na ti ona l interest.
is sues as a significant concern.
of friction) between the military,

political elites, and citizenry on key
Military Intervention in Politics.

- focuses on level of consensus (lack
nce
Concorda Theories Agency
s Between
nce Difference onal
Converge Instituti
professionalism and effectiveness
- Does not entirely separate
approach
itself.
civilian control is an unrealistic
- Apolitical military in order to ensure
Subjective civilian controls
and their military capabilities

Objective Civilian Control
authority as a guarantees for civil

- Separate both civil and military
from external threat and military

- Maximizes military subordination

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Introduction

of a state as an institution, and it is

history and culture.

 Part of national security policy; enhance the

safety of nation’s economy, social, political

 Civil authorities grant military autonomy in

 Means and objectives achieve through military

is sues as a significant concern.

of friction) between the military,

Military Intervention in Politics.

and their military capabilities

authority as a guarantees for civil

from external threat and military

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