BIOLOGY OF MAMMALS

GROUP 10

Annisa Alfath Farizatul Qamariyah Indah Muflihatul

180210103031 180210103041 180210103118

Class : C
Origin and Evolution of
Mammals
• The structure of the skull
roof permits us to identify
three major groups of
amniotes that diverged in
the Carboniferous period of
the Paleozoic era
• The synapsids, anapsids,
and diapsids. The synapsid
group which includes the
mammals and their
ancestors, has a pair of
openings in the skull roof
for the attachment of jaw
muscles
`
Structural and Functional
Adaptations of Mammals
• Integument and Its
Derivatives

Mammalian skin and especially its modifications

distinguish mammals as a group. As the interface
between an animal and its environment, the skin is
strongly molded by the animal’s way of life.
In general the skin is thicker in mammals than in
other classes of vertebrates, although as in all
vertebrates it is made up of epidermis and dermis
 Hair
Hair is especially characteristic of mammals,
although humans are not very hairy creatures
and, in whales, hair is reduced to only a few
sensory bristles on the snout.

Mammals characteristically have two kinds of

hair forming the pelage (fur coat): (1) dense and
soft underhair for insulation.

(2) coarse and longer guard hair for protection

against wear and to provide coloration.
Underhair traps a layer of insulating air. In
aquatic mammals, such as fur seals, otters, and
beavers, it is so dense that it is almost impossible
to wet. In
water, guard hairs become wet and mat down,
forming a protective blanket over the underhair
 Horns and Antlers

1. Three kinds of horns or hornlike structures

are found in mammals. True horns, found in
ruminants (for example, sheep and cattle), are
hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis that
embrace a core of bone arising from the skull.

2. True horns are not normally shed, usually

are not branched (although they may be
greatly curved), grow continuously, and are
found in both sexes. Horns may be absent
from pronghorn antelope females but, if
present, are shorter than those of the male.

3. Antlers of the deer family are branched and

composed of solid bone
when mature. During their annual spring
growth, antlers develop beneath a covering of
highly vascular soft skin called velvet
 Glands

• All vertebrates, mammals have the

greatest variety of integumentary
glands. Most fall into one of four
classes:
1. sweat,
2. scent,
3. sebaceous,
4. mammary.
All are derivatives of the
epidermis
 Glands
• Sweat glands -
simple, tubular, highly
coiled
• Cover most of body
• Not found in other
vertebrates
• Open directly to skin
surface.
 Glands
• Sweat glands - eccrine
glands
• Secrete watery sweat for
temperature regulation
• Hairless regions in most
mammals (especially foot
pads)
• Some mammals don’t have
eccrine glands - rodents,
rabbits, whales
• Some have them all over
body - humans, horses, dogs
• Racial differences in
abundance in humans
 Glands

• Sweat glands - apocrine

glands
• Found in all mammals
• Longer, more winding than
eccrine glands
• Open into follicle at surface
• Secretion not involved with
heat regulation
• Apocrine gland activity
correlated with some
aspects of sexual cycles
• Human females have twice
as many as males
 Glands

• Scent glands - location

and function vary
• Communication,
warning, defense,
attraction
 Glands

• Sebaceous glands -
associated with hair
follicle
• Secrete fat (sebum) to
keep hair and skin soft
• Polite fat - does not
turn rancid
• Generally all over
body - most numerous
on human scalp, face
 Glands

• Mammary glands -
modification of
apocrine,
sebaceous
glands?
• Present in both
genders,
functional only in
female
• Secrete milk to
nourish young
 Glands
• Contain varying
quantities of fat (3-
5%), protein,
carbohydrate, salts
• Higher fat content
(30-40%) in
marine and arctic
mammals, where
development is
rapid
 Teeth

Mammalian dentition is differentiated into four

types:
1.Incisors, with simple crowns and sharp edges,
used mainly for snipping or biting;
2.Canines, with long conical crowns, specialized
for piercing;
3.Premolars, with compressed crowns and one or
two cusps, suited for shearing and slicing; and
4.Molars, with large bodies and variable cusp
arrangement, used for crushing and grinding.
Food and Feeding
Feeding Specializations

The feeding, or trophic, apparatus of a

mammal—teeth and jaws, tongue, and
alimentary canal—are adapted to its
particular feeding habits. Mammals are
customarily divided among four basic
categories—insectivores, carnivores,
omnivores, and herbivores—but many
other feeding specializations have
evolved in mammals, as in other living
organisms, and the feeding habits of
many mammals defy exact
classification.
Digestive System
The Circulatory System

Mammals have a
closed circulatory
system. This
circulatory system
passes through
blood vessels
where the heart
(cast) is the main
place in pumping
blood throughout
the body.
 The Respiration System

The process of
breathing occurs when
we breathe oxygen
and remove carbon
dioxide in the body.
The amount of carbon
dioxide removed and
the oxygen absorbed
must be balanced.
If oxygen inhaled by
mammals is not
sufficient, the animal
will experience a
condition called
hypoxia
Respiratory ability of marine mammals
is also influenced by myoglobin, a type
of protein found in the muscles of most
mammals.
This myoglobin is responsible for
binding oxygen molecules or storing
the excess oxygen they breathe.
• The respiration bat adjusts to the temperature
and humidity of the air in the cave. During dry
and cold air conditions (humidity <60% and
temperature <5.6oC) the respiration rate is
the same as when the air condition is damp
and warm (humidity> 80%; temperature>
9.8oC). But if the air condition is damp and
cold (humidity <60% and temperature <9oC)
the rate of respiration rises sharply.
Increasing the rate of respiration is a strategy
to keep the body warm
• In general, the breathing process of these
mammals is exactly the same as humans,
which through the nasal cavity, pharynx,
trachea, bronchi, to the lungs.
Reproduction System
 Reproduction
• Reproductive Cycles
Most mammals have definite mating seasons, usually in winter or spring
and timed to coincide with the most favorable time of the year for
rearing young after birth. Many male mammals are capable of fertile
copulation at any time, but female mating function is restricted to a
time during a periodic cycle, known as the estrous cycle. Females only
copulate with males during a relatively brief period known as heat or
estrus.
• Reproductive Patterns
There are three different patterns of reproduction in mammals. One pattern
is represented by egg-laying (oviparous) mammals, the monotremes.
The duck-billed platypus has one breeding season each year. Ovulated
eggs, usually two, are fertilized in the oviduct. As they continue down
the oviduct, various glands add albumin and then a thin, leathery shell
to each egg. When laid, the eggs are about the size of a robin’s egg. The
platypus lays its eggs in a burrow nest where they are incubated for
about 12 days. After hatching, the young suck milk from the fur of the
mother around openings of the mammary glands.
Reproduction
• Different patterns of
reproduction among
mammals divided into
3 type:
1) Monotremes
2) Marsupials
3) Placentals
Reproduction
• Monotremes - egg-
laying mammals
• One breeding
season each year
• Ovulated eggs (2)
fertilized in oviduct
• Shell added in
oviduct
• Eggs laid in burrow
nest
• Incubated for 12
days
Reproduction

• Hatch, fed milk (licking,

not suckling)
• No gestation - period of
pregnancy
• Developing embryo uses
nutrients in egg
• Young reared on milk
Reproduction

• Marsupials - pouched
mammals
• Brief gestation period,
but physiology and
lactation complicated
• Example : red
kangaroo
Reproduction
• Placentals - most
successful mammals
• Reproductive
investment is in
gestation
• Embryo nourished by
food via placenta
• Gestation variable
• Mice - 21 days
• Rabbits - 30-36 days
• Cats, dogs - 60 days
• Cattle - 280 days
• Elephants - 22 months
• Baleen whales - 12
months
• Bats - 4-5 months
 Reproduction
• Variable
condition at
birth - well-
furred and
mobile to naked,
blind, helpless
• Human growth
slower than any
other mammal
Bat excretory system
The kidneys of sea mammals (ex: seals, whales,
porpoises) are able to maintain a constant salt
concentration in their bodies by producing urine
that has a high concentration of salt. They are
able to drink seawater because the salt
concentration of their urine is higher than that
of sea water.
Kangaroo rats of southwestern US deserts never
have to drink. Their water comes from metabolic
water released during cellular respiration and water
present in their food. They emerge from their
burrows only at night, when the air is cooler and
more humid than during the day. This helps prevent
water loss from their bodies and reduces the
amount needed to keep cool (sweating).
Homoithermic
 Home range
Home range is the area where the
animals live. Home range animals is a
place where the animals are covered /
ranging on the venue for foraging, herd,
and others. The cruising area is not only
inhabited by a single species. The home
range does not happen aggressive
behavior. A home range may be
maintained by some or all of the species
that are in the region
 Factors - Factors Affecting
Home range

• Distribution of food and shelter

• The arrival of the enemy or another
species
• body size
Analyze of Journal