Methods of Philosophy: "Critical Thinking"

Methods of Philosophy
“Critical Thinking”
CRITICAL
THINKING
Through this presentation you will learn:
● What is thinking?
● Types of thinking?
● What is Critical Thinking?
● Critical Thinking Standards?
● Benefits of Critical Thinking
● Barriers to Critical Thinking
● Characteristic of Critical
Thinker 2
Do You
Agree?
“GIVE place here to some further consideration of

thought.
You will never become great until your own thoughts
make you great, and therefore it is of the first
importance that you should THINK.”
3
What is
thinking?
Why is the sky blue?
Is time travel possible?
Why doesn’t she like me?
Why doesn’t he like me?
As you start asking questions and seek

answers, you are in fact THINKING.
In other words:- Thinking is purposeful, organised process

that we use to make sense of the world.
4
2. Types of
thinking?❖ Evaluating
❖ Analyzing
❖ Reasoning
Problem solving
Decision
Making
Critical Creative
Thinking
Thinking
5
3. What is Critical
Thinking? Example of not thinking critically
3.1 What is Critical
Thinking?
Gather and
assess
Information
in a
balanced
and
information
way to
reach
conclusions
justified by
reasoned
Thinking?
Critical thinking is general term given to a wide range of
cognitive and intellectual skills needed to:
➢ Effectively identify, analyze and evaluate

arguments.
➢ Discover and overcome personal prejudices and
biases.
➢ Formulate and present convincing reasons in support of
conclusions.
➢ Make reasonable, intelligent decisions about
what to believe and what to do.
Note: Critical thinking is a skill so fortunately for us we can
Thinking?
4. Critical Thinking
Standards?
Universal intellectual standards are standards which must be
applied to thinking. To think critically requires having command
of these standards
❏ CLARITY
❏ ACCURACY
❏ PRECISION
❏ RELEVANCE
❏ DEPTH
❏ BREADTH
❏ LOGIC
❏ FAIRNESS
4.1
Clarity ❏ Could you elaborate further on that point?
❏ Could you express that point in another way?
❏ Could you give me an illustration?
Clarity is the gateway standard. If a statement is unclear, we cannot

determine whether it is accurate or relevant. In fact, we cannot tell
anything about it because we don't yet know what it is saying.
4.2
Accuracy ❏ Is that really true?
THIS DOG ❏ How could we check that?
WEIGHS ❏ How could we find out if that is true?
MORE THAN
300
POUNDS!!!
A statement can be clear but not accurate

4.3
Precision ❏ Could you give more details?
❏ Could you be more specific?
Jack is Let it
Thats true overweight go
but how much man!!
overweight
20
pounds or 500
pounds
A statement can be both clear and accurate, but not precise.

4.4
Relevance ❏ How is that connected to the question?
❏ How does that bear on the issue?
I have given good
effort in studies
all semester so I
should get A+
T
h
e
"
e
f
f
o
r
t
A statement can be clear, accurate and precise, "
but not
relevant to the question at issue. d
o
e
s
not measure the
4.5
Depth ❏ How does your answer address the complexities in
the question?
❏ How are you taking into account the problems in the
question?
❏ Is that dealing with the most significant factors?
NOBODY
TELLS
US
WHY!!!
A statement can be clear, accurate, precise and relevant, but

superficial.
4.6
Breadth ❏ Do we need to consider another point of view?
❏ Is there another way to look at this question?
❏ What would this look like from the point of view
of . . .?
You got zero marks
Was “participation”, for coz
studying didn’t participateyouin
all night!! the class discussion at all.
A line of reasoning may be clear, accurate, precise, relevant

and deep, but still ignore another side of the argument.
4.7 Logic
❏ Does this really make sense?
❏ How does this follow from what I said before?
❏ Does this contradict a previous statement?
Superman can see through
anything!!
walls!!
you!!
When the combination of thoughts are mutually supporting and

make sense in combination, the thinking is "logical."
4.8
Fairness❏❏ Do I have a vested interest in this issue?
Am I sympathetically representing the viewpoints
of others?
❏ Am I open minded?
We do not naturally consider the rights and needs of others on

the same plane with their own rights and needs, but to be
a
good thinker you should apply “Fairness” in your thinking.
5. Benefits of Critical
Thinking
At Work
As more and more employers are looking for employees not

with specialized academic skills but with good thinking
and communications skills, who can
❏ Learn quickly and solve problems.
❏ Shows creativity.
❏ Gathers and analyze the issue meaningfully.
This has become vital skill for any professional

5.1 Benefits of Critical
Thinking
Daily life
❏ Helps us avoid making foolish decision.

❏ Helps us become a good citizen capable of making good
decisions on important social, political and economic
issues.
❏ Helps us in developing good thinking skill capable of
examining our own assumptions and dogmas.
6. Barriers to Critical
Thinking
You might ask,
➢ If the critical thinking is so important, then why is

uncritical thinking so common?
➢ Why is that so many people including the highly

educated and intellectual people find it difficult
to think critically?
6.1 Barriers to Critical
Thinking
5 most powerful barriers to critical thinking.
Self centered thinking
Egocentrism ❏ Self interest thinking The problem
❏ Thinking self as centre of attention is not the
problem. The
Group centered thinking
❏ Group interest thinking problem is
Sociocentrism your attitude
❏ To assume that own group is more
superior or righteous. towards the
problem.
Unwarranted A belief that something is true
without proper evidence or
Assumptions justification.
Wishful Believing something is true because
Thinking one wishes it to be true.
Thinking that truth is just a matter of

Relativism opinion.
22
7. Characteristic of Critical
Thinker
Critical Thinker….
➢ Are honest with themselves.
➢ Regard problems and controversial issues as exciting

challenges.
➢ Strive for understanding, keep curiosity alive remain

patient with complexity.
23
7. Characteristic of Critical
Thinker
Critical Thinker….
➢ Base judgments on evidence rather than personal

preferences.
➢ Are interested in other people's ideas and so are

willing to read and listen attentively.
➢ Practice fair mindedness, and seek a balance

view.
➢ Practice restraint, controlling their feelings rather

than being controlled by them. 24

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What are the different types of thinking discussed?

What are the different types of thinking discussed?

What are the characteristics of critical thinking?

What are the characteristics of critical thinking?

Methods of Philosophy

“GIVE place here to some further consideration of

As you start asking questions and seek

In other words:- Thinking is purposeful, organised process

➢ Effectively identify, analyze and evaluate

Clarity is the gateway standard. If a statement is unclear, we cannot

A statement can be clear but not accurate

A statement can be both clear and accurate, but not precise.

A statement can be clear, accurate, precise and relevant, but

A line of reasoning may be clear, accurate, precise, relevant

When the combination of thoughts are mutually supporting and

We do not naturally consider the rights and needs of others on

As more and more employers are looking for employees not

This has become vital skill for any professional

❏ Helps us avoid making foolish decision.

➢ If the critical thinking is so important, then why is

➢ Why is that so many people including the highly

Thinking that truth is just a matter of

➢ Are honest with themselves.

➢ Regard problems and controversial issues as exciting

➢ Strive for understanding, keep curiosity alive remain

➢ Base judgments on evidence rather than personal

➢ Are interested in other people's ideas and so are

➢ Practice fair mindedness, and seek a balance

➢ Practice restraint, controlling their feelings rather

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